Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Citizen
n. 1. A person who, by either birth or naturalization, is a member of a political community, owing allegiance to the community and being entitled to enjoy all its civil rights and protections; a member of the civil state, entitled to all its privileges. Cf. RESIDENT; DOMICILIARY.
Citizenship
n. 1. The status of being a citizen. 2. The quality of a person's conduct as a member of a community.
Citizenship Clause
The clause of the U.S. Constitution providing that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens of the United States and the state they reside in. U.S. Const. art. XIV, § 1, cl. 1.
Natural Born Citizen Clause
The clause of the U.S. Constitution barring persons not born in the United States from the presidency. U.S. Const. art. II, § 1, cl. 5.
Noncitizen
A person who is not a citizen of a particular place. See ALIEN.
U.S. citizen
See national of the United States under NATIONAL.
citizen suit
An action under a statute giving citizens the right to sue violators of the law (esp. environmental law) and to seek injunctive relief and penalties. 0 In the 1970s, during the heyday of antipollution statutes such as the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act, legislators believed that regulators sometimes become too close to the industries they oversee and, as a result, lack the aggressiveness that individual citizens would be able to bring to litigation. The statutes therefore included provisions authorizing people to be "private attorneys general" to protect the environment, seeking not only injunctions to stop pollution but also penalties to be paid to the U.S. Treasury.
citizen-informant
A witness who, without expecting payment and with the public good in mind, comes forward and volunteers information to the police or other authorities. citizen's arrest. See ARREST.
corporate citizenship
Corporate status in the state of incorporation, though a corporation is not a citizen for the purposes of the Privileges and lmnnunitws Clause of the U.S.
diversity of citizenship
A basis for federalcourt jurisdiction that exists when (1) a case is between citizens of different states, or between a citizen of a state and an alien, and (2) the matter in controversy exceeds a specific value (now $75,000). 28 USCA § 1332. 0 For purposes of diversity jurisdiction, a corporation is considered a citizen of both the state of incorporation and the state of its principal place of business. An unincorporated association, such as a partnership, is considered a citizen of each state of which at least one of its members is a citizen. - Often shortened to diversity. See diversity jurisdiction under JURISDICTION. complete diversity. In a multiparty case, diversity between both sides to the lawsuit so that all plaintiffs have different citizenship from all defendants. 0 Complete diversity must exist for a federal court to have diversity jurisdiction over the matter. The rule of complete diversity was first laid down by Chief Justice Marshall in Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 267 (1806). manufactured diversity. Improper or collusively created diversity of citizenship for the sole or primary purpose of creating federal jurisdiction. 0 Manufactured diversity is prohibited by 28 USCA § 1359.
dual citizenship
1. A persons status as a citizen of two countries, as when the person :. born in the United States to parents who are citizens of another country, .or one country still recognizes a person as a citizen even though that person has acquired citizenship in another country. 2. The status of a person who is a citizen of both the United States and the person's country of residence.
federal citizen
A citizen of the United States.
natural-born citizen
A person born within the jurisdiction of a national government.
naturalized citizen
A foreign-born person who attains citizenship by law. 2. For diversity jurisdiction purposes, a corporation that was incorporated within a state or has its principal place of business there.