Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Close
ub. 1. To conclude; to bring to an end <the case was closed>. 2. To conclude discussion or negotiation about <close on a house>. See CLOSING.
Closed
adj. 1. (Of a class or organization) confined to a limited number <a closed mass-tort class> <nonunion workers were excluded from the closed shop>. 2. (Of a proceeding or gathering) conducted in secrecy <a closed hearing> <a closed shareholders' meeting>.
Enclose
ub. 1. To surround or encompass; to fence or hem in on all sides. 2. To place (something) in a parcel or envelope. - Also spelled inclose.
Foreclose
ub. To terminate a mortgagor's interest in property; to subject (property) to foreclosure proceedings. "Should the mortgagor default in his obligations under the mortgage, the mortgagee will seek to 'foreclose', -i.e., 'end' or 'close' the mortgagor's rights in the security. After taking the appropriate statutory steps, the mortgagee will sell the mortgaged property. If the sale is to someone other than the mortgagor or the mortgagee (a 'third party' sale) the proceeds will go: first, to pay the costs of the foreclosure proceedings; second, to pay off the principal indebtedness and accrued interest; third, if there is anything left over (i.e., any 'equity' existed) this is paid to the mortgagor." Edward H. Rabin, Fundamentals of Modern Real Property Law 1087 (1974).
Inclose
ub. See ENCLOSE.
breach of close
The unlawful or unauthorized entry on another person's land; a common-law trespass. - Also termed breaking a close. See CLOSE.
breaking a close
See BREACH OF CLOSE.
close corporation
A corporation whose stock is not freely traded and is held by only a few shareholders (often within the same family). ( The requirements and privileges of close corporations vary by jurisdiction. -Also termed closely held corporation; closed corporation.
close jail execution
A body execution stat ing that the person to be arrested should be confined in jail without the privilege of move ment about the jailyard.
close rolls
See CLAUSE ROLLS.
close writ
Hist. 1. A royal writ sealed because the contents were not deemed appropriate for public inspection. Cf. patent writ; CLAUSE ROLLS. 2. A writ directed to a sheriff instead of to a lord.
close-connectedness doctrine
A doctrine used by some courts to deny an assignee of a negotiable note holder-in-due-course status if the assignee is too closely connected to the original holder-mortgagee. - Also termed close-connection doctrine.
close-jail execution
See EXECUTION.
close-nexus test
See NEXUS TEST.
closed account
An account that no further credits or debits may be added to but that remains open for adjustment or setoff.
closed corporation
See close corporation under CORPORATION.
closed court
Hist. The English Court of Common Pleas, open only to serjeants-at-law. 0 The monopoly of the serjeants-at-law was abolished in 1845.
closed insurance contract
See closed policy under INSURANCE POLICY.
closed mortgage
See MORTGAGE.
closed policy
An insurance policy whose terms cannot be changed. ( A fraternal benefit society is not permitted to write closed policies. - Also termed closed insurance contract.
closed session
See SESSION.
closed session.
1. A session to which parties not directly involved are not admitted. 2. Military law A period during a court-martial when the members (or the judge, if trial is before a military judge) deliberate alone. -Also termed closed court
closed shop
See SHOP.
closed testament
See mystic will under WILL.
closed transaction
See TRANSACTION.
closed transaction. Tax
A transaction in which an amount realized on a sale can be established for the purpose of stating a gain or loss.
closed union
A union with restrictive membership requirements, such as high dues andlong apprenticeship periods. Cf. closed shop under SHOP.
closed union.
See UNION,
closed will
See mystic will.
closed-end fund
See MUTUAL FUND.
closed-end mortgage
See MORTGAGE.
closed-end mortgage bond
A mortgage bond with provisions prohibiting the debtor from issuing additional bonds against the bond's collateral.
closed-shop contract
A labor agreement requiring an employer to hire and retain only union members and to discharge nonunion members.
closely held corporation
See close corporation under CORPORATION.
disclosed principal
A principal whose identity is revealed by the agent to a third party. o A disclosed principal is always liable on a contract entered into by the agent with the principal's authority, but the agent is usu. not liable.
droit-close
n. [Law French] Hist. A writ against a lord on behalf of a tenant in ancient demesne holding land by charter in fee simple, in fee-tail, for life, or in dower.
enclosed land
Land that is actually enclosed and surrounded with fences.
enclosed please find
See TRANSMITTAL LETTER.
letters close
See LETTERS SECRET.
open-shop-closed-shop operation
See DOUBLE-BREASTED OPERATION.
partially disclosed principal
See PRINCIPAL (1).
undisclosed agency
an agency relationship in which an agent deals with a third party who has no knowledge that the agent is acting on a principal's behalf. 9 the fact that the agency is undisclosed does not prohibit the third party from seeking redress from the principal or the agent.
undisclosed principal
See PRINCIPAL (1)