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Legal Dictionary of Pakistan

Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.

Bankruptcy code

the bankruptcy reform act of 1978 (as amended and codified in 11 usca), which governs bankruptcy cases filed on or after october 1, 1979.

Civil Code

1. The code that embodied the law of Rome. 2. The code that embodies the law of France, from which a great part of the Louisiana civil code is derived. - Abbr. C.C. - Also termed Code Civil. See NAPOLEONIC CODE. 3. A codification of noncriminal statutes.

Code

1. A complete system of positive law, carefully arranged and officially promulgated; a systematic collection or revision of laws, rules, or regulations <the Uniform Commercial Code>. ( Strictly, a code is a compilation not just of existing statutes, but also of much of the unwritten law on a subject, which is newly enacted as a complete system of law. - Also termed consolidated laws.

Code Civil

The code embodying the civil law of France, dating from 1804. ( It was known from the beginning as the Code Civil, to distinguish it from the other four Codes promoted by Napoleon but is sometimes called Code Napoleon. In 1870, the official name became Code Civil. Cf. NAPOLEONIC CODE. See CIVIL CODE (2).

Code Napoleon

See NAPOLEONIC CODE.

Code Noir

[French "black code"] Hist. A body of laws issued by Louis XIV and applied in French colonies. ( The Code regulated slavery and banned Jews and non Catholic religious practices from the colonies.

Code d'instruction criminelle

A French criminal-procedure code, enacted in 1811 and appended to the Code Napoleon. See NAPOLEONIC CODE.

Code de commerce

A codification of French commercial law, enacted in 1807, dealing with commercial transactions, bankruptcy, and the jurisdiction and procedure of the courts handling these subjects. ( This code supplemented the Code Napoleon. See NA-POLEONIC CODE.

Code de procedure civil

A French civil-procedure code,enacted in 1806 and appended to the Code Napoleon. See NAPOLEONIC CODE.

Code of Federal Regulations

The annual collection of executive-agency regulations published in the daily Federal Register, combined with previously issued regulations that are still in effect. - Abbr. CFR.

Code of Hammurabi

The oldest known written legal code, produced in Mesopotamia during the rule of Hammurabi (who reigned from 1792 to 1750 B.C.). ( The code consisted of nearly 300 provisions, arranged under headings such as family, trade, real property, personal property, and labor.

Code of Justinian

See JUSTINIAN CODE.

Code of Military Justice

The collection of substantive and procedural rules governing the discipline of members of the armed forces. 10 USCA §§ 801 et seq. - Also termed Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ).

Code of Professional Responsibility

See MODEL CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY.

Code penal

The fourth of five codes promoted by Napoleon, enacted in 1810, setting forth the penal code of France. See NAPOLEONIC CODE.

Codefendant

One of two or more defendants sued in the same litigation or charged with the same crime. - Also termed joint defendant. Cf

Codex Gregorianus

[Latin] Roman law. A collection of imperial constitutions compiled by the Roman jurist Gregorius and published A.D. 291. - Also termed Gregorian Code."The imperial enactments, rapidly increasing in number, covering, at hazard, the whole range of law, and, by reason of difficulties of communication and imperfect methods of promulgation, not always readily ascertainable, created a burden for the practitioner almost as great as that of the unmanageable juristic literature. Something was done to help him by two collections published privately about the end of the third century, the Codex Gregorianus and Codex Hermogenianus. These collections do not now exist: what is known of them is from citations in later literature ...." W.W. Buckland, A Manual of Roman Private Law 20-21 (2d ed. 1953).

Codex Hermogenianus

[Latin] Roman law. A collection of imperial constitutions compiled by the Roman jurist Hermogenianus and published A.D. 295.The Codex Hermogenianus supplemented the Codex Gregorianus. - Also termed Hermogenian Code.

Codex Justinianeus

See JUSTINIAN CODE.

Codex Repetitae Praelectionis

[Latin "code of the resumed reading"] Roman law. A revised version of the Justinian Code, published in A.D. 534. ( This code is divided into 12 books, and deals with ecclesiastical law, criminal law, administrative law, and private law. - Also termed Codex lustinianus Repetitae Praelectionis. See JUSTINIAN CODE.

Codex Theodosianus

[Latin] Roman law. A compilation of imperial enactments prepared at the direction of the emperor Theodosius and published in AD. 438. 0 The Codex Theodosianus replaced all other imperial legislation from the time of Constantine I (A.D. 306-337), and remained the basis of Roman law until it was superseded by the Justinian Code in A.D. 529. - Also termed Theodosian Code.

Consumer Credit Code

See UNIFORM CONSUMER CREDIT CODE.

Federal Judicial Code

The portion (Title 28) of the U.S. Code dealing with the organization, jurisdiction, venue, and procedures of the federal court system, as well as court officers, personnel, and the Department of Justice.

Field Code

The New York Code of Procedure of 1848, which was the first comprehensive Anglo-American code of civil procedure and served as a model for the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. ( It was drafted by David Dudley Field (1805-1894), a major law-reformer. See code pleading under PLEADING (2).

Gregorian Code.

See CODEX GREGORIANUS.

Hammurabi, Code of.

See CODE OF HAMMURABI.

Internal Revenue Code

Title 26 of the U. S. Code, containing all current federal tax laws. - Abbr. IRC. -- Also termed tax law

Justinian Code

Roman law. A collection of imperial constitutions drawn up by a commission of ten persons appointed by Justinian, and published in A.D. 529. ( The Code replaced all prior imperial law, but was in force only until A.D. 534, when it was supplanted by the Codex Repetitae Praelectionis. - Also termed Justinianean Code (jas-tin-ee-an-ee-an); Code of Justinian; Codex Justinianeus (kohdeks;jas-tin-ee-sy-n(ee)as); Codex Vetus ("Old Code").

Legal Code

See CODE (2).

Model Code of Professional Responsibility.

A set of ethical guidelines for lawyers, organized in the form of canons, disciplinary rules, and ethical considerations. ( Published by the ABA in 1969, this code has been replaced in most states by the Model Rules of Professional Conduct.

Model Penal Code test.

See SUBSTANTIAL-CAPACITY TEST.

Model Penal Code.

A proposed criminal code drafted by the American Law Institute and used as the basis for criminal-law revision by many states. - Abbr. MPC."The maxim rnobilia sequuntur personam is the exception rather than the rule, and is probably to be confined to certain special classes of general assignments such as marriage settlements and devolutions on death and bankruptcy." Handel a. Slatford, 1953 Q.B. 248, 257 (Eng. C.A.)."Under the influence of Savigny many Continental systems in the mid-nineteenth century led the way for Anglo-American law in limiting the operation of the doctrine of mobilia sequuntur personam to universal assignments of movables, adopting for particular assignments the single principle of the lex situs of the movable." R.H. Graveson, Conflict of Laws 457 (7th ed. 1974).

Napoleonic Code

1. (usu. pl.) The codification of French law commissioned by Napoleon in the 19th century, including the Code civil (1804), the Code de procedure civil (1806), the Code de commerce (1807), the Code penal (1810), and the Code d'instruction crimenelle (1811). - Also termed Code Napoleon (abbr. CN). 2. Loosely, CIVIL CODE (2).

Theodosian Code

See CODEX THEODOSIANUS. theolonio. See DE THEOLONIO.

Uniform Code of Military Justice

1. CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE. 2. A model code promulgated by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws to govern state military forces when not in federal service. 11 U.L.A. 335 et seq. (1974). - Abbr. UCMJ.

Uniform Commercial Code

A uniform law that governs commercial transactions, including sales of goods, secured transactions, and negotiable instruments. ( The Code has been adopted in some form by every state. - Abbr. UCC.

Uniform Consumer Credit Code

A uniform law. designed to simplify and modernize the consumer credit and usury laws, to improve consumer understanding of the terms of credit transactions, to protect consumers against unfair practices, and the like. ( This Code has been adopted by only a few states. - Abbr. UCCC; U3C. - Also termed Consumer Credit Code. See CONSUMER CREDIT PROTECTION ACT.

United States Code

A multivolume published codification of federal statutory law. ( In a citation, it is abbreviated as USC, as in 42 USC § 1983.

United States Code Annotated

A multivolume publication of the complete text of the United States Code with historical notes, crossreferences, and casenotes of federal and state decisions construing specific Coda sections. -Abbr. USCA.

amalphitan code

hist. a code of maritime law compiled late in the 11th century at the port of amalfi near naples. ( the code was regarded as a primary source of maritime law throughout the mediterranean to the end of the 16th century. - also termed amalphitan table; laws of amalfi.

black codes.

Hist. 1. Antebellum state laws enacted to regulate the institution of slavery. 2. Laws enacted shortly after the Civil War in the ex-Confederate states to restrict the liberties of the newly freed slaves to ensure a supply of inexpensive agricultural labor and to maintain white supremacy."Clearly, leaders of the old South who survived the war were in no mood for racial equality. It was a bitter enough pill that the slaves were legally free; there was no inclination to go beyond the formal status. The Black Codes of 1865, passed in almost all of the states of the old Confederacy, were meant to replace slavery with some kind of caste system and to preserve as much as possible of the prewar way of life." Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law 504 (2d ed. 1985).

building codes

Laws and regulations setting forth standards for the construction, maintenance, occupancy, use, or appearance of buildings and dwelling units. - Also termed (for dwelling units) housing codes.

code of conduct

A written set of rules governing the behavior of specified groups, such as lawyers, government employees, or corporate employees.

code pleading

A procedural system requiring that the pleader allege merely the facts of the case giving rise to the claim, not the legal conclusions necessary to sustain the claim. -Also termed fact pleading. Cf. issue pleading.

code state

Hist. A state that, at a given time, had already procedurally merged law and equity, so that equity was no longer administered as a separate system. ( This term was current primarily in the early to mid-20th century.

coded communications

Messages that are encoded or enciphered by some method of transposition or substitution so that they become unintelligible to anyone who does not have the key to the code or cipher.

codex

[Latin] Archaic. 1. A code, esp. the Justinian Code. 2. A book written on paper or parchment; esp., a volume of an ancient text.

criminal code

A code, usu. enacted by a legislature, setting out the elements of crimes and specifying punishments for their commission.

evidence code

A codified set of statutory provisions governing the admissibility of evidence and the burden of proof at hearings and trials.

homo Romanus (ra-may-nas). A Roman. ( A term used in Germanic law codes to describe the Roman inhabitants of Gaul and other former Roman provinces. homo sui juris

See PATERFAMILIAS.