Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Arms control
int'l law. A policy of minimizing instabilities in the military field by lessening the possibility of the outbreak of war while reducing in number a country's weapons of mass destruction. Cf. Disarmament.
Control
ub. 1. To exercise power or influence over <the judge controlled the proceedings>. 2. To regulate or govern <by law, the budget office controls expenditures>. 3. To have a controlling interest in <the five shareholders controlled the company>.
Controller
See COMPTROLLER.
Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950
See MCCARRAN ACT.
Uncontrollable
adj. Incapable of being controlled.
Uniform Controlled Substances Act
A uniform act, adopted by many states and the federal government, governing the sale, use, and distribution of drugs. 21 USCA §§ 801 et seq.
active-control-of-vessel duty.
See ACTIVE-OPERATIONS DUTY.
actual physical control.
Direct bodily power over something., esn a vehicle- Manv jurisdic-
administrative-control rule
Tax. The rule making the grantor of a trust liable for tax if the grantor retains control that may be exercised primarily for the grantor's own benefit. IRC (26 USCA) § 675.
air-quality-control
region. encrronmorr!al law. a federally designated area in which communities share an air-pollution problem, often involving several states; an interstate area or major intrastate area that the environmental protection agency designates for monitoring and ameliorating ambient air-quality standards. 42 usca § 7407(cr.
border control
Int'l law. A country's physical manifestation of its territorial sovereignty, by which it regulates which people and goods may enter and leave. 0 As a practical matter, border controls are often used to contain plant and animal diseases, fight terrorism, and detect the movement of criminals.
control person
Securities. A person who has actual control or significant influence over the issuer of securities, as by directing corporate policy. ( The control person is subject to many of the same requirements applicable to the sale of securities by the issuer. - Also termed controlling person."[Tlhe question of who is a control person " highly factual and is not dependent upon ownership of any specific percentage. For example, it has been held that someone owning eight percent of a company's stock was not a control person ...." 1 Thomas Lee Hazen, The Law of Securities Regulation § 4.24, at 279 (3d ed. 1995).
control premium
A premium paid for shares carrying the power to control a corporation. 0 The control premium is often computed by comparing the aggregate value of the controlling block of shares with the cost that would be incurred if the shares could be acquired at the going market price per share.4. The amount paid to buy a securities option. - Also termed (in sense 4) option premium. premium bond. See BOND (3).
control stock
Stock belonging to a control person at the time of a given transaction. - Also termed control shares.
control test
See IRRESISTIBLE-IMPULSE TEST.
control-group test
A method of determining whether the attorney-client privilege protects communications made by corporate employees, by providing that those communications are protected only if made by an employee who is a member of the group with authority to direct the corporation's actions as a result of that communication. 0 The U.S. Supreme Court rejected the control-group test in Upjohn Co. o.
control-your-kid law
See PARENTAL-RESPONSIBILITY STATUTE.
controlled company
A company that is under the control of an individual, group, or corporation that owns most of the company's voting stock. Cf. subsidiary corporation under CORPORATION
controlled corporate groups
See cor. GROUP.
controlled corporation
A corporation in which the majority of the stock is held by one individual or firm.
controlled foreign corporation
St-( ~stth~, TION.
controlled group
TUA. Two 01' 1itoi-e curpurations whose stock is substantially held by five or fewer persons. ( The Internal Revenue Code subjects these entities (such as parent-subsidiary or brother-sister groups) to special rules for computing tax liability. - Also termed controlled corporate gr,mP^ IR( _6 [-SCA, §§ 851(c)(3), 1563(a).
controlled substance
Any type of drug whose possession and use is regulated by law, including a narcotic, a stimulant, or a hallucinogen. See DRUG.
controlled-securities-offering distribution
See securities-offering distribution (1).
controlled-securities-offering distribution.
see securities-offering distribution under distribution.
controlled-substance act
A federal or state statute that is designed to control the distribution, classification, sale, and use of certain drugs. Most states have enacted these laws, which are usu. modeled on the Uniform Controlled Substances Act.
controlling interest
Sufficient ownership of stock in a company to control policy and management; esp., a greater-than-50% ownership interest in an enterprise.
controlling person
See CONTROL PERSON.
controlling shareholder
A shareholder who is in a position to influence the corporation's activities because the shareholder either owns a majority of outstanding shares or owns a smaller percentage but a significant number of the remaining shares are widely distributed among many others.
deadhand control
The use of executory interests that vest at some indefinite and remote time in the future to restrict alienability and to ensure that property remains in the hands of a particular family or organization. ( The rule against perpetuities restricts this activity, which is sometimes referred to either as the power of the dead hand (mortua manus) or as trying to retain property in mortua manu. See MORTMAIN.
exclusive control
Under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, a defendant's sole management of and responsibility for the instrumentality causing harm. ( Exclusive control is a prerequisite to the doctrine's applicability. See RES iPSA LOQUITUR.
government-controlled corporation.
See quasi-governmental agency under AGENCY
gun-control law.
A statute or ordinance that regulates the sale, possession, or use of firearms. ( Gun-control laws vary widely among the states, and many cities have gun-control ordinances. Federal law prohibits the illegal sale, possession, and use of firearms. 18 USCA §§ 921-930. See BRADY ACT.
immediate control.
1. Criminal procedure. The area within a criminal suspect's reach. ( A police officer may conduct a warrantless search of this area to ensure the officer's safety and to prevent the suspect from destroying evidence. 2. Vehicular control that is close enough to allow the driver to instantly govern the vehicle's movements. ( A driver's failure to maintain immediate control over the vehicle could be evidence of negligence.
international control.
Int'Z law. The supervision over countries and their subdivisions for the purpose of ensuring the conformity of their conduct with international law. °[S]upervision is exercised increasingly not only over the conduct of governmental and intergovernmental institutions, but also over the acts and omissions of individuals to establish their conformity with requirements of public
judicial control
Civil law. A doctrine by which a court can deny cancellation of a lease if the lessee's breach is of minor importance, is not caused by the lessee, or is based on a good-faith mistake of fact.
rent control
A restriction imposed, usu. by municipal legislation, on the maximum rent that a landlord may charge for rental property, and often on a landlord's power of eviction.
stock control
A system of inventory management by which a business maintains perpetual records of its inventory.
superintending control
The general supervisory control that a higher court in a jurisdiction has over the administrative affairs of a lower court within that jurisdiction.
supervisory control
The control exercised by a higher court over a lower court, as by prohibiting the lower court from acting extrajurisdictionally and by reversing its extrajurisdictional acts. See MANDAMUS.
uncontrollable impulse
An impulse that is so overwhelming that it cannot be resisted. ( In some jurisdictions, an uncontrollable impulse serves as a defense to criminal conduct committed while in the grip of the impulse. See IRRESISTIBLE-IMPULSE TEST.
uncontrolled-securities-offering distribution
See securities-offering distribution under DISTRIBUTION.
wage and price controls
A system of-government-mandated maximum prices that can be charged for different goods and services or paid to various workers in different jobs. wage-and-price freeze See FREEZE.
working control
The effective control of a corporation by a person or group who owns less than 50% of the stock.
writ of supervisory control
A writ issued to correct an erroneous ruling made by a lower court either when there is no appeal or when an appeal cannot provide adequate relief and the ruling will result in gross injustice.