Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Copy
n. An imitation or reproduction of an original. ( In the law of evidence, a copy is generally admissible to prove the contents of a writing. Fed. R. Evid. 1003. See BEST-EVIDENCE RULE."The noun 'copy' ordinarily connotes a tangible object that is a reproduction of the original work; the courts have generally found no reason to depart from this usage in the law of copyright." 1 Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright § 4.08[B], at 4-47 (Supp. 1995).
Copyhold
Hist. A base tenure requiring the tenant to provide the customary services of the manor, as reflected in the manor's court rolls. Copyhold tenure descended from pure villeinage; over time, the customs of the manor, as reflected on the manor's rolls, dictated what services a lord could demand from a copyholder. This type of tenure was abolished by the Law of Property Act of 1922, which converted copyhold land into freehold or leasehold land. - Also termed copyhold tenure; customary estate; customary freehold; tenancy by the verge; tenancy par la verge; tenancy by the rod. See base tenure under TENURE; vILLEINAGE.
Copyholder
Hist. A tenant by copyhold tenure. - Also termed tenant by the verge; tenant par la verge.
Copyright
n. 1. A property right in an original work of authorship (such as a literary, musical, artistic, photographic, or film work) fixed in any tangible medium of expression, giving the holder the exclusive right to reproduce, adapt, distribute, perform, and display the work. 2. The body of law relating to such works. Federal copyright law is governed by the Copyright Act of 1976. 17 USCA §§ 101-1332. -Abbr. c. - copyright, vb. - copyrighted, adj.
Copyright Clause
U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 8, which gives Congress the power to secure to authors the exclusive rights to their writings for a limited time.
Patent and Copyright Clause
The constitutional provision granting Congress the authority to promote the advancement of science and the arts by establishing a national system for patents and copyrights. U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 8.
Register of Copyrights
The federal official who is in charge of the U.S. Copyright Office, which issues regulations and processes applications for copyright registration. - Also termed (erroneously) Registrar of Copyrights.
Registrar of Copyrights
See REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS.
Universal Copyright Convention
An international convention, first adopted in the United States in 1955, by which signatory countries agree to give the published works of a member country the same protection as that given to works of its own citizens. - Abbr. UCC.
certified copy
See COPY.
common-law copyright
A property right that arose when the work was created, rather than when it was published. 0 Under the Copyright Act of 1976, which was effective on January 1, 1978, common-law copyright was largely abolished for works created after the statute's effective date, but it still applies in a few areas. Notably, a common-law copyright received before January 1, 1978, remains entitled to protection.
common-law copyright.
See COPYRIGHT,
conformed copy
An exact copy of a document bearing written explanations of things that were not or could not be copied, such as a note on the document indicating that it was signed by a person whose signature appears on the original.
copyright infringement
The act of violating any of a copyright owner's exclusive rights granted by the federal Copyright Act, 17 USCA §§ 106, 602. ( A copyright owner has several exclusive rights in copyrighted works, including the rights (1) to reproduce the work, (2) to prepare derivative works based on the work, (3) to distribute copies of the work, (4) for certain kinds of works, to perform the work publicly, (5) for certain kinds of works, to display the work publicly, (6) for sound recordings, to perform the work publicly, and (7) to import into the United States copies acquired elsewhere.
copyright notice
A notice that a work is copyright-protected, usu. placed in each published copy of the work. ( Since March 1, 1989, such notice is not required for a copyright to be valid (although it continues to provide certain procedural advantages).
copyright owner
One who holds exclusive rights to copyrighted material. 17 USCA § 101.
creativity. Copyright
The degree to which a work displays imaginativeness beyond what a person of very ordinary talents might create. Cf. ORIGINALITY. "Where creativity refers to the nature of the work itself, originality refers to the nature of the author's contribution to the work. Thus, a public domain painting may evince great creativity, but if a copyright claimant adds nothing of his own to it, by way of reproduction or otherwise, then copyright will be denied on the basis of lack of originality. Conversely, a work may be entirely the product of the claimant's independent efforts, and hence original, but may nevertheless be denied protection as a work of art if it is completely lacking in any modicum of creativity." 1 Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright § 2.08[Bl[21, at 2-88 (Supp. 1995).
derivative work. Copyright
A copyrightable creation that is based on a preexisting product, such as a translation, musical arrangement, fictionalization, motion-picture version, abridgment, or any other recast or adapted form, and that only the holder of the copyright on the original form can produce or give permission to another to produce. Cf. COMPILATION (1)."[W]hile a compilation consists merely of the selection and arrangement of pre-existing material without any internal changes in such material, a derivative work involves recasting or transformation, i.e., changes in the pre-existing material, whether or "[W]hile a compilation consists merely of the selection and arrangement of pre-existing material without any internal changes in such material, a derivative work involves recasting or transformation, i.e., changes in the pre-existing material, whether or
enfranchisement of copyhold
Hist. The conversion of copyhold into freehold tenure, by (1) a conveyance of the fee simple from the lord of the manor to the copyholder, (2) a release from the lord of all seigniorial rights, or (3) a release by the copyholder to the lord of the copyholder's interest in the estate. See COPYHOLD.
examined copy
(usu. of a record, public book, or register) that has been compared with the original or with an official record of an original.
exemplified copy
See certified copy.
extinguishment of copyhold
The destruction of copyhold by a uniting of freehold and copyhold interests in the same person and in the same right. ( In England, under the 1922 Law of Property Act, copyholds were enfranchised and became either leasehold or, more often, freehold. See COPYHOLD.
fair useCopyright
A reasonable and limited use of a copyrighted work without the author's permission, such as quoting from a book in a book review or using parts of it in a parody. ( Fair use is a defense to an. infringement claim, depending on the following statutory factors: (1) the purpose and character of the use, (2) the nature of the copyrighted work, (3) the amount of the work used, and (4) the economic impact of the use. 17 USCA § 107 "[Fair use is] the most troublesome [problem] in the whole law of copyright." Dellar u. Samuel Goldwyn, Inc., 104 F.2d 661, 662 (2d Cir. 1939) (per curiam). "Fair use is a judicial safety valve, empowering courts to excuse certain quotations or copies of copyrighted material even though the literal terms of the Copyright Act prohibit them." Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway 84 (1994).
full copy
Equity practice. A complete transcript of a bill or other pleading, with all indorsements and a copy of all exhibits.
surrender of copyhold
Hist. The transfer by a tenant of a copyhold estate by yielding it to the lord in trust for the transferee according to the terms in the surrender. ( In normal practice, the tenant went to the steward of the manor and delivered a rod, a glove, or other customary symbol, thereby conveying to the lord (through the steward) all interest and title to the estate, in trust, to be then granted by the lord to the transferee. See COPYHOLD.
true copy
A copy that, while not necessarily exact, is sufficiently close to the original that anyone can understand it.
verified copy
See certified copy. copycat drug. See generic drug under DRUG.
wardship in copyholds
Wardship by which the lord is guardian of an infant tenant by special custom.