Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Cross
n. 1. CROSS-EXAMINATION. 2. A sale of a large amount of stock privately traded between two parties. 0 Although the transaction does not happen on the exchange floor, it typically requires exchange permission.
across-the-board,
adj. Applying to all classes, categories, or groups <an across-the-board tax cut>.
cross-action
See CROSS-CLAIM.
cross-appeal
an appeal by the appellee, usu. heard at the same time as the appellant's appeal.
cross-bill
See BILL (2).
cross-bill.
A bill brought by the defendant against the plaintiff in the same suit, or against other defendants in the same suit, relating to the matters alleged in the original bill.
cross-claim
n. A claim asserted between codefendants or coplaintiffs in a case and that relates to the subject of the original claim or counterclaim. - Also termed cross-action. -cross-claim, ub. - cross-claimant, n. Cf. COUNTERCLAIM. "The courts have not always distinguished clearly between a cross-claim and a counterclaim, and have used one name where the other is proper under the rules, perhaps because in some states, and in the old equity practice, the term cross-complaint or cross-bill is used for what the rules regard as a counterclaim. Under Rule 13 a counterclaim is a claim against an opposing party, while a cross-claim is against a co-party. Further there is not the same freedom in asserting cross-claims that the rules provide for counterclaims. An unrelated claim against an opposing party may be asserted as a permissive counterclaim, but only claims related to the subject matter of the original action, or property involved therein, are appropriate as cross-claims." Charles Alan Wright, The Law of Federal Courts ยง 80, at 574 (5th ed. 1994).
cross-collateral
1. Security given by all parties to a contract. 2. Bankruptcy. Bargained-for security that protects a creditor's postpetition extension of credit in addition to the creditor's prepetition unsecured claims that, as a result of such security, obtain priority over other creditors' prepetition unsecured claims. Some courts allow this procedure, which is known as cross-collateralization.
cross-collateral clause
An installment-contract provision allowing the seller, if the buyer defaults, to repossess not only the particular item sold but also every other item bought from the seller on which a balance remained due when the last purchase was made. - Also termed dragnet clause.
cross-complaint
1 A claim asserted by a defendant against another party to the action. 2. A claim asserted by a defendant against a person not a party to the action for a matter relating to the subject of the action.
cross-default
A provision under which default on one debt obligation triggers default on another obligation.
cross-demand
A party's demand opposing an adverse party's demand. See COUNTERCLAIM; CROSS-CLAIM.
cross-elasticity of demand
Antitrust. A relationship between two products, usu. substitutes for each other, in which a price change for one product affects the price of the other.
cross-error
An error brought by the party responding to a writ of error. error apparent of record. See plain error.
cross-examination
n. The questioning of a witness at a trial or hearing by the party opposed to the party who called the witness to testify. ( The purpose of cross-examination is to discredit a witness before the fact-finder in any of several ways, as by bringing out contradictions and improbabilities in earlier testimony, by suggesting doubts to the witness, and by trapping the witness into admissions that weaken the testimony. The cross-examiner is typically allowed to ask leading questions but is traditionally limited to matters covered on direct examination and to credibility issues. -Also termed cross-interrogation. - cross-examine, Ub. Cf DIRECT EXAMINATION; RECROSSEXAMINATION.
cross-interrogatory
See INTERROGATORY.
cross-interrogatory.
An interrogatory from a party who has received a set of interrogatories.
cross-licensing
Patents. The act, by two or more license holders, of exchanging licenses so that each may use or benefit from the other's patent.
cross-marriage
See MARRIAGE (1)
cross-offer
n. Contracts. An offer made to another in ignorance that the offeree has made the same offer to the offeror cross-offeror,n,
cross-purchase buy-sell agreement.
1. BUY SELL AGREEMENT (1). 2. A partnership insurance plan in which each partner individually buys and maintains enough insurance on the life or lives of other partners to purchase a deceased orexpelled partner's equity.
cross-question
A question asked of a witness during cross-examination. - Abbr. XQ.
cross-rate
The exchange rate between two currencies expressed as the ratio of two foreign exchange rates in terms of a common third currency (usu. the U.S. dollar). ( Foreign-exchange-rate dealers use cross-rate tables to look for arbitrage opportunities. See ARBITRAGE.
cross-remainder
A future interest that results when particular estates are given to two or more persons in different parcels of land, or in the same land in undivided shares, and the remainders of all the estates are made to vest in the survivor or survivors. ( Two examples of devises giving rise to cross-remainders are (1) "to A and B for life, with the remainder to the survivor and her heirs," and (2) "Blackacre to A and Whiteacre to B, with the remainder of A's estate to B on A's failure of issue, and the remainder of B's estate to A on B's failure of issue." ( If no tenants or issue survive, the remainder vests in a third party (sometimes known as the ulterior remainderman). Each tenant in common has a reciprocal, or cross, remainder in the share of the others. This type of remainder could not be created by deed unless expressly stated. It could, however, be implied in a will.
fair-cross-section requirement
Constitutional law. The principle that a person's right to an impartial jury, guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, includes a requirement that the pool of potential jurors fairly represent the composition of the jurisdiction's population. ( The pool of potential jurors need not precisely match the composition of the jurisdiction. But the representation of each group must be fair, and there may not legally be a systematic exclusion or underrepresentation of any group. A minimal disparity in a particular group's representation, such as an absolute disparity of 10%, will not ordinarily violate this principle unless some aggravating factor exists. See DUREN TEST; ABSOLUTE DISPARITY; COMPARATIVE DISPARITY; STATISTICAL-DECISION THEORY.
recross-examination
A second cross-examination, after redirect examination. - Often shortened to recross. See CROSS-EXAMINATION.