Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Backwardation
securities. A fee paid by the seller of securities so that the buyer will allow delivery after their original delivery date. -also termed backadation; inverted market.
Commendation
Hist. The act of becoming a lord's feudal tenant to receive the lord's protection.
Consolidation
n 1 The act or process of uniting; the state of being united. 2. Corporations. The unification of two or more corporations by dissolving the existing ones and creating a single new corporation. - Also termed consolidation of corporations. Cf. MERGER (7). 3. Corporations. Archaic. A union of the stock, property, or franchises of two or more companies where by the conduct of their affairs is permanently - or for a long period - put under one management, whether the agreement between
Datio
n. [fr. Latin dare "to give"] Roman law. 1. An act of giving, as in datio in solutum ("giving in payment"). 2. An appointment, as in datio tutoris ("appointment of a guardian").
Dation
n. [fr. Latin dare "to give"] Civil law. A grant of something the recipient is actually entitled to, such as an office.
Defraudation
An act of privation by fraud.
Emendatio
n. [Latin] Hist. The power of amending and correcting abuses, according to certain rules and measures.
Foundation
1. The basis on which something is supported; esp., evidence or testimony that establishes the admissibility of other evidence <laying the foundation>. 2. A fund established for charitable, educational, religious, research, or other benevolent purposes; an endowment <the Foundation for the Arts>.
Intimidation
n. Unlawful coercion; extortion. In England, intimidation was established as a tort in the 1964 case of Rookes v. Barnard, 1964 App. Cos. 1129 (P.C. 1964) (appeal taken from B.C.). - intimidate, vb. - intimidatory, adj. - intimidator, n. "The wrong of intimidation includes all those cases in which harm is inflicted by the use of unlawful threats whereby the lawful liberty of others to do as they please is interfered with. This wrong is of two distinct kinds, for the liberty of action so interfered with may be either that of the plaintiff himself, or that of other persons with resulting damage to the plaintiff." RY.V. Heuston, Salmond on the Law of Torts 364 (17th ed. 1977). intitle, vb. Archaic. See ENTITLE.
Lapidation
An execution by stoning a person to death. - lapidate (lap-adayt), vb.
Laudatio
n. [Latin] Roman law. Court testimony concerning an accused person's good behavior and integrity of life. This testimony resembles the practice in modern criminal trials of calling persons to speak favorably about a defendant's character.
Liquidation
n. 1. The act of determining by agreement or by litigation the exact amount of something (as a debt or damages) that before was uncertain. 2. The act of settling a debt by payment or other satisfaction. 3. The act or process of converting assets into cash, esp. to settle debts. one-month liquidation. A special election, available to certain shareholders, that determines how the distributions received in liquidation by electing shareholders will be treated for federal income-tax purposes. ( To qualify for the election, the corporation must be completely liquidated within one month. IRC § 333 (26 USCA § 333).
Nemo alienae rei, sine satisdatione, defensor idoneus intelligitur
No one is considered a competent defender of another's property, without security.
Simplex commendatio non obligat
A simple recommendation does not bind.
Subinfeudation
n. Hist. The system under which the tenants in a feudal system granted smaller estates to their tenants, who in turn did the same from their pieces of land. Cf, INFEUDATION; SUPERINFEUDATION.
Superfeudation
See SUPERINFEUDATION,
Superinfeudation
Hist. The granting of one or more feuds out of a feudal estate. - Also termed superfeudation. Cf. SUBINFEUDATION. "Whatever may be the proper view of its origin and legal nature, the best mode of vividly picturing to ourselves the feudal organisation is to begin with the basis, to consider the relation of the tenant to the patch of soil which created and limited his services - and then to mount up, through narrowing circles of super-feudation, till we approximate to the apex of the system." Henry S. Maine, Ancient Law 88 (17th ed. 1901).
accommodation acceptance
The acceptance of an offer to buy goods for current or prompt shipment by shipping nonconforming goods after notifying the buyer that the shipment is intended as an accommodation. This type of "acceptance" is not truly an acceptance under contract law, but operates instead as a counteroffer if the buyer is duly notified. banker's acceptance. A bill of exchange drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank. Banker's acceptances are often issued to finance the sale of goods in international trade. - Abbr. BA. - Also termed bank acceptance.
accommodation bill
See ACCOMMODATION PAPER.
accommodation indorsement
See INDORSEMENT.
accommodation indorsement.
An endorsement to an instrument by a third party who acts as surety for another party who remains primarily liable. See ACCOMMODATION PAPER.
accommodation indorser
See INDORSER.
accommodation land
Land that is bought by a builder or speculator, who erects houses or improvements on it and then leases it at an increased rent.
accommodation line
Insurance. One or more policies that an insurer issues to retain the business of a valued agent, broker, or customer, even though the risk would not be accepted under the insurer's usual standards. accommodation loan. See LOAN. accommodation maker. See MAKER. accommodation note. See NOTE (1),
accommodation loan
A loan for which the lender receives no consideration in return. See ACCOMMODATION.
accommodation maker
One who signs a note as a surety. See ACCOMMODATION (2); accommodation indorser under INDORSER.
accommodation note
A note that an accommodating party has signed and thereby assumed secondary liability for; ACCOMMODATION PAPER.
accommodation paper
A negotiable instrument that one party cosigns, without receiving any consideration, as surety for another party who remains primarily liable. * An accommodation paper is typically used when the cosigner is more creditworthy than the principal debtor. - Also termed accommodation bill; accommodation note.
accommodation party
A person who, without recompense or other benefit, signs a negotiable instrument for the purpose of being a surety for another party (called the accommodated party) to the instrument. 0 The accommodation party can sign in any capacity (i.e., as maker, drawer, acceptor, or indorser). An accommodation party is liable to all parties except the accommodated party, who impliedly agrees to pay the note or draft and to indemnify the accommodation party for all losses incurred in having to pay it. See SURETY.
accommodation surety
See voluntary surety.
accommodation surety.
See voluntary surety under SURETY.
accommodation,
A loan or other financial favor. 2. The act of signing an accommodation paper as surety for another. See ACCOMMODATION PAPER. 3. The act or an instance of making a change or provision for someone or something; an adaptation or adjustment. See PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION; REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION.
ad exhaeredationem
[Law Latin] To the disinheritance; to the injury of the inheritance."The writ of waste calls upon the tenant to appear and shew cause why he hath committed waste and destruction in the place named, ad exhaeredationem, to the disinherison of the plaintiff." 3 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 228 (1768).
affidatio dominorum
n. [law latin] hist an oath taken by lords in parliament.
american bar foundation
an outgrowth of the american bar association involved with sponsoring and funding projects in law-related research, education, and social studies.
american inns of court foundation
see inn of court (2).
child-sexual-abuse-accommodation syn drome
The medical and psychological condition of a child who has suffered repeated in tances of sexual abuse, usu. from a relative or family friend. - Also termed child-sexual abuse syndrome.
comparable accommodation
A standard used for determining the maximum allowable rent in rent-regulated housing. ( In applying this standard, a court reviews the prevailing rent for substantially similar housing units in the same area.
consolidation loan
A loan whose proceeds are used to pay off other individual loans, thereby creating a more manageable debt.
consolidation of corporations
See CONSOLIDATION.
datio in solutum
Roman law. The discharging of an obligation by the giving and acceptance of something other than the thing due.
dation en paiement
n. [French "a giving in payment"] Civil law. 1. An exchange of something instead of money to satisfy a debt. See ACCORD AND SATISFACTION. 2. A method of satisfying a mortgage debt by transferring the mortgaged property when the mortgage exceeds the property's value and the mortgage-holder is willing to accept the property in satisfaction of the debt. ( Dation en paiement requires court approval after petition and notice.
debt consolidation
See DEBT POOLINi
degradation
1. A reduction in rank, degree, or dignity; specif., censure of a clergy member by divestiture of holy orders, either by word or by a solemn divestiture of robes and other insignia. 2. A moral or intellectual decadence or degeneration; a lessening of a person's or thing's character or quality < degradation of resources>. 3. A wearing down of something, as by erosion.
dilapidations, action for
Hist. A tort action brought by a new incumbent of a benefice for the disrepair of the houses or buildings on the benefice. 0 The incumbent -whether of a rectory, a vicarage, or a chapel -sued the executors or administrators of the incumbent's deceased predecessor (who was not liable while living). The incumbent of a benefice was bound to maintain the parsonage, farm buildings, and chancel in good and substantial repair, restoring and rebuilding when necessary, according to the original plan. But the incumbent need not supply or maintain anything in the nature of ornament.
distribution in liquidation
See liquidating distribution under DISTRIBUTION.
emendatio panis et cerevisiae
[Latin "the correction of bread and ale"] The power of supervising and correcting (assizing) the weights and measures of bread and ale.
emendation
1. Correction or revision, esp. of a text. 2. Hist. The correction of an error or wrongdoing; atonement for a criminal offense. ( As criminal law developed over time, emendation by payment of wer or wite gradually faded away and was replaced by harsher punishments.
foundational fact
See predicate fact under FACT.
fundatio
[Latin "founding" or "foundation"] Hist. The founding of a corporation, particularly an eleemosynary corporation.