Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Barrier to entry .
an economic factor that makes it difficult for a business to enter a market and compete with existing suppliers. "strictly speaking, a barrier to entry is a condition that makes the long-run costs of a new entrant into a market higher than the long-run costs of the existing firms in the market; a good example is a regulatory limitation on entry. The term is also used, more questionably, as a synonym for heavy start-up costs." richard a. Posner, economic analysis of law § 10.8, at 227 (2d ed. 1977).
Coventry Act
An 1803 English statute establishing the death penalty for anyone who, with malice aforethought, did "cut out or disable the tongue, put out an eye, slit the nose, cut off a nose or lip, or cut off or disable any limb or member of any subject; with the intention in so doing to maim or disfigure him." "[At common law,] an injury such as cutting off [a man's] ear or nose did not constitute mayhem ... , because it did not result in permanent disablement, but merely disfigured the victim. This was corrected by an early English statute. It seems that an assault was made upon Sir John Coventry on the street by persons who waylaid him and slit his nose in revenge for obnoxious words uttered by him in Parliament. This emphasized the weakness of the law of mayhem, and the so-called Coventry Act' was passed [in 1803]." Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal law 239-40 (3d ed. 1982)
Entry
n. 1. The act, right, or privilege of entering real property < they were given entry into the stadium>.
Reentry
See REENTRY.2. An item written in a record; a notation <Forney made a false entry in the books on March 3 > .
adjusting entry.
An accounting entry made at the end of an accounting period to record previously unrecognized revenue and expenses, as well as changes in assets and liabilities.
bill of entry.
Maritime law. A written description of goods filed by an importer with customs officials to obtain permission to unload a ship's goods.
blind entry
An accounting entry that indicates only the debited and credited amounts without any explanation.
book entry
1 A notation made in an accounting journal. 2. The method of reflecting ownership of publicly traded securities whereby a customer of a brokerage firm receives confirmations of transactions and monthly statements, but not stock certificates. See CENTRAL CLEARING SYSTEM. book-entry bond See BOND (3),
book of original entry
A day-to-day record in which a business's transactions are first recorded.
book-entry bond
A bond for which no written certificate is issued to reflect ownership. callable bond. See redeemable bond.
business entry
A writing admissible under the business-records exception. See BUSINESS-RECORDS EXCEPTION.
business-entry rule
See BUSINESS-RECORDS EXCEPTION.
compound journal entry
A journal entry requiring more than one debit and credit (as when revenue is received partly in cash and partly in security).
double-entry bookkeeping
See BOOKKEEPING.
entry ad communem legem
[Latin] Hist. 1. Entry at common law. 2. AD COMMUNEM LEGEM.
entry ad terminum qui praeteriit
See AD TERMINUM QUI PRAETERIIT.
entry and detainer, and libel on a private person. petty offense
A minor or insignificant crime. "[Me find ... an apparent implication that a 'petty offense' is not a 'crime.' Much could be said for such a position but it is not the law at the present time. In the federal penal code, for example, it is provided that any misdemeanor 'the penalty for which does not exceed imprisonment for a period of six months or a fine of not more than $500, or both, is a petty offense."' Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal Law 22 (3d ed. 1982) (quoting 18 USCA § 1(3)). political offense. See POLITICAL OFFENSE.
entry for marriage in speech
See causa matrimonii praelocuti under CAUSA (1).
entry in casu consimili
(en-tree in kay-s[y]oo ken-sim-a-10. [Latin] See CASU CONSIMILL
entry of judgment
The ministerial recording of a court's final decision, usu. by noting it in a judgment book or civil docket. Cf. RENDITION of JUDGMENT.
entry on the roll
Hist. 1. A clerk's notation on a parchment roll of the proceedings and issues in a particular case. ( Before parties began submitting written pleadings, they would appear (in person or through counsel) in open court and state their respective contentions orally until they settled on the issue or precise point in dispute. During the progress of these oral statements, an appointed officer of the court would make minutes of the various proceedings on a parchment roll that then became the official record of the suit. Even after the practice of oral pleadings had fallen into disuse, proceedings continued to be entered "on the roll." This practice was abolished early in the 19th century. H.T. 4 Will. 4. 2. A future interest created in a transferor who conveys an estate on condition subsequent.
entry, right of.
See POWER OF TERMINATION.
entry, writ of
See WRIT OF ENTRY.
forcible entry
At common law, the act or an instance of violently and unlawfully taking possession of lands and tenements against the will of those entitled to possession.
forcible entry and detainer
1. The act of violently taking and keeping possession of lands and tenements without legal authority. "To walk across another's land, or to enter his building, without privilege, is a trespass, but this in itself, while a civil wrong, is not a crime. However, if an entry upon real estate is accomplished by violence or intimidation, or if such methods are employed for detention after a peaceable entry, there is a crime according to English law, known as forcible entry and detainer. This was a common-law offense in England, although supplemented by English statutes that are old enough to be common law in this country .... It has sometimes been said that there are two separate offenses - (1) forcible entry and (2) forcible detainer. This may be true under the peculiar wording of some particular statute, but in general it seems to be one offense which may be committed in two different ways." Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal Law 487--88 (3d ed. 1982). 2. A quick and simple legal proceeding for regaining possession of real property from someone who has wrongfully taken, or refused to surrender, possession. - Also termed forcible detainer. See EVICTION; EJECTIMENT.
free entry, egress, and regress
Hist. A person's right to go on land as often as reasonably necessary. ( A tenant could go on land to gather crops still growing after the tenancy expired.
illegal entry.
1. Criminal law. The unlawful act of going into a building with the intent to commit a crime. ( In some jurisdictions, illegal entry is a lesser included offense of burglary. 2. Immigration. The unauthorized entrance of an alien into the United States by arriving at the wrong time or place, by evading inspection, or by fraud.
journal entry
An entry in an accounting journal of equal debits and credits, with occasional explanations of the recorded transactions. 3. The placement of something before the court or on the record. 4. Copyright. The deposit of a title of work with the Register of Copyrights to secure its protection. 5. Immigration. Any entrance of an alien into the United States, whether voluntary or involuntary. 6. Criminal law. The unlawful coming into a building to commit a crime.
lawful entry
1. The entry onto real property by a person not in possession, under a claim or color of right, and without force or fraud. 2. The entry of premises under a search warrant. See EJECTION; EVICTION; search warrant under WARRANT.
mineral entry.
The right of entry on public land to mine valuable mineral deposits. "It is the policy of the United States, as expressed in Acts of Congress, to make public lands available to the people for the purpose of mining valuable mineral deposits, and to encourage exploration for, and development of, mineral resources on public lands. Accordingly, the United States has reserved all lands 'valuable for minerals' . . . from disposition under the nonmineral statutes, and has made them open to entry for mining purposes, under regulations prescribed by law .... In other words . . . where statute authorizes the Federal Government to acquire lands, without indicating that lands are to be acquired for a particular purpose, lands so acquired are public lands subject to mineral entry." 53A Am. Jur. 2d Mines and Minerals § 23, at 274 (1996)
minute entry
See minute order (1) under ORDER (2).
open entry
See ENTRY (1).
port of entry
See PORT.
right of entry
1. The right of taking or resuming possession of land or other real property in a peaceable manner. 2. POWER OF TERMINATION. 3. The right to go into another's real property for a special purpose without committing trespass. ( An example is a landlord's right to enter a tenant's property to make repairs. 4. The right of an alien to go into a jurisdiction for a special purpose. ( An example is an exchange student's right to enter another country to attend college.
right of entry for breach of condition
See POWER OF TERMINATION.
right of entry for condition broken
See POWER OF TERMINATION.
right of reentry
See POWER OF TERMINATION,
single-entry bookkeeping
See BOOKKEEPING .
single-entry bookkeeping.
A method of bookkeeping in which each transaction is recorded in a single record, such as a record of cash or credit accounts.
surreptitious-entry warrant
A warrant that authorizes a law officer to enter and observe an ongoing criminal operation (such as an illegal drug lab).
title of entry
The right to enter upon lands. title of record. See record title.
unlawful entry
1 The crime of entering another's property, by fraud or other illegal means, without the owner's consent. 2. An alien's crossing of a border into a country without proper documents.
writ of entry
A writ that allows a person wrongfully dispossessed of real property to enter and retake the property.