Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Articles of confederation
the instrument that governed the association of the 13 original states from march 1, 1781 until the adoption of the u.s. constitution. ( they were prepared by the continental congress, submitted to the states in 1777, and later ratified by representatives of the states empowered by their respective legislatures for that purpose.
Code of Federal Regulations
The annual collection of executive-agency regulations published in the daily Federal Register, combined with previously issued regulations that are still in effect. - Abbr. CFR.
Confederacy
n. 1. A league of states or countries that have joined for mutual support or joint action; an alliance. 2. An association of two or more persons, usu. for unlawful purposes; CONSPIRACY. 3. The fact or condition of being an ally or accomplice.
Confederate
n. An ally; esp., a coconspirator or accomplice.
Confederation
A league or union of states or nations, each of which retains its sovereignty but also delegates some rights and powers to a central authority. Cf. FEDERATION.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
See UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT.
Court of Federal Claims, U.S
See UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS.
Fed
Cir. abbr. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT.
Fed. Abbr
1. FEDERAL. 2. FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM.
Fed. R. App
P. abbr. FEDERAL RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE.
Fed. R. Bank r. P
abbr. FEDERAL RULES OF BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE.
Fed. R. Civ. P
abbr. FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE.
Fed. R. Crim. P
abbr. FEDERAL RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE.
Fed. R. Evid
abbr. FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCE.
Fed. Reg. Abb
FEDERAL REGISTER.
Federal Acquisition Regulation
A federal regulation that governs contracting methods, requirements, and procedures with the federal government. 48 CFR ch. 1. - Also termed Federal Procurement Regulation.
Federal Aviation Act
A federal law establishing the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) to be responsible for regulation of aircraft and air travel, including aircraft safety, certification of aircraft personnel, and airport development. 49 USCA §§ 44720 et seq.
Federal Aviation Administration
The federal agency charged with regulating air commerce, advancing aviation safety, promoting civil aviation and a national system of airports, achieving efficient use of navigable airspace, developing and operating a common system of air-traffic control and air navigation, and developing and implementing programs and regulations relating to environmental effects of civil aviation. 9 It became a part of the Department of Transportation in 1967. - Abbr. FAA. -Formerly also termed Federal Aviation Agency.
Federal Aviation Regulation
A federal regulation governing the safety, maintenance, and piloting of civil aircraft. 14 CFR ch. 1. - Abbr. FAR.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
A division of the U.S. Department of Justice charged with investigating all violations of federal laws except those specifically assigned to another federal agency. - Abbr. FBI.
Federal Circuit
See COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT.
Federal Claims, U.S. Court of
See UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS.
Federal Communications Commission
The federal agency that regulates interstate and foreign communications by radio, television, telephone, and telegraph, and oversees radio and television broadcasting standards, cabletelevision operations, two-way-radio operators, and satellite communications. - Abbr. FCC. federal court. See COURT.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
An independent governmental agency that insures bank deposits up to a statutory amount per depositor at each participating bank. ( The insurance fund is financed by a premium paid by the participating banks. - Abbr. FDIC.
Federal Employees' Compensation Act
A workers'-compensation law for federal employees. 5 USCA §§ 8101-8152 - Abbr. FECA. See WORKERS' COMPENSATION.
Federal Employers' Liability Act
A workers'-compensation law that provides death and disability benefits for employees of railroads engaged in interstate and foreign commerce. 45 USCA §§ 51-60 - Abbr. FE1,A.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
The agency responsible for administering the Natural Gas Act and the Natural Gas Policy Act. ( The commission regulates, among other things, interstate oil-and-gas pipelines and some intrastate oil-and-gas operations. - Abbr. FERC. - Also formerly termed Federal Power Commission.
Federal Farm Credit Banks Funding Corporation
A federal corporation that manages the sale of federal farm-credit-system securities in the money and capital markets and also provides advisory services to banks in the federal farm credit system.
Federal Home Loan Bank
One of a system (the federal home loan bank system) of 11 regional banks created in 1932 to supply credit for home mortgage lending by savings-and-loan institutions and to provide funds for low- to moderate-income housing programs. 0 The banks are supervised by the Federal Housing Finance Board. - Abbr. FHLB. - Sometimes shortened to lrome loan bank.
Federal Home Loan Bank Board
A federal agency responsible for regulating federal savings-and-loan associations and the federal home loan bank system. ( It was abolished in 1989, when the Office of Thrift Supervision and the Federal Housing Finance Board assumed its functions. - Abbr. FHLBB.
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
A corporation that purchases both conventional and federally insured first mortgages from members of the Federal Reserve System and other approved banks. - Abbr. FHLMC. -Also termed Freddie Mac.
Federal Housing Administration
The HUD division that encourages mortgage lending by insuring mortgage loans on homes meeting the agency's standards. - Abbr. FHA. See HUD.
Federal Housing Finance Board
An independent agency that supervises the federal homeloan-bank system. a It is the successor agency to the Federal Home Loan Bank Board.
Federal Insurance Contributions Act
The federal act imposing the social-security tax on employers and employees. IRC (26 USCA) §§ 3101-3127. - Abbr. FICA.
Federal Judicial Code
The portion (Title 28) of the U.S. Code dealing with the organization, jurisdiction, venue, and procedures of the federal court system, as well as court officers, personnel, and the Department of Justice.
Federal Kidnapping Act
A federal law punishing kidnapping for ransom or reward when the victim is transported interstate or internationally. ( The law presumes that a victim has been transported in violation of the law if the victim is not released within 24 hours. 18 USCA § 1201. - Also termed Lindbergh Act "The Federal Kidnapping Act was passed in 1932 to close a dangerous loophole between state and federal law. At that time, marauding bands of kidnappers were preying upon the wealthy with ruthless abandon, seizing their victims for ransom while operating outside the reach of existing state laws. Knowing that authorities in the victim's home state were powerless once a hostage was transported across state lines, the criminals would kidnap their target in one state, then move quickly to the next. In response, Congress made kidnapping a federal crime when the victim was moved from one state to another, and comprehensive language was used to cover every possible variety of kidnapping followed by interstate transportation." 1 Am. Jur. 2d Abduction and Kidnapping § 14, at 185 (1994).
Federal Maritime Commission
A federal agency that regulates the waterborne foreign and domestic commerce of the United States. - Abbr. FMC.
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
Labor law. An independent agency whose purpose is to prevent disruptions in the flow of interstate commerce caused by labor disputes through the use of mediation, conciliation, and voluntary arbitration. - Abbr. FMCS.
Federal National Mortgage Association
A corporation that is chartered by the U.S. government but privately owned and managed, and that provides a secondary mortgage market for the purchase and sale of mortgages guaranteed by the Veterans Administration and those insured under the Federal Housing Administration. - Abbr. FNMA. - Also termed Fannie Mace.
Federal Power Commission
See FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION.
Federal Procurement Regulation
See FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION.
Federal Register
A daily publication in which U.S. administrative agencies publish their regulations, including proposed regulations for public comment. - Abbr. Fed. Reg.
Federal Reporter
See F. (1).
Federal Reporter Second Series
See F.2D.
Federal Reporter Third Series
See F.3D.
Federal Reserve Board of Governors
The board that supervises the Federal Reserve System and sets national monetary and credit policy. ( The Board consists of seven members appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for 14-year terms. - Abbr. FRB.
Federal Reserve System
A network of 12 central banks supervised by the Board of Governors, who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate and who set the reserve requirements for the member banks, review the discount-rate actions of the regional Federal Reserve banks, and set ceilings on the interest rates that member banks may pay. -Abbr. Fed. "The Federal Reserve System of 1913 evolved out of a search for consensus among bankers, politicians,- and some academic experts. It was a move toward 'central bank' regulation in the European sense . . . . [The System] seemed to resolve the outstanding problems in money and banking. Federal Reserve banknotes could grow with expanding commercial paper and economic prosperity, and assure a more adequate, reliable monetary growth." William A. Lovett, Banking and Financial Institutions Law in a Nutshell 14-15 (1997).
Federal Rules Act
A 1934 statute granting the U.S. Supreme Court the authority to adopt rules of civil procedure for federal courts. ( For the rulemaking power of federal courts today, see 28 USCA §§ 2071, 2072.
Federal Rules Decisions
See F.R.D.
Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure
The rules governing appeals to the U.S. courts of appeals from lower courts, some federal-agency proceedings, and applications for writs. -Abbr. Fed. R. App. P.; FRAP.