Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act
Maritime law. A 1936 federal act defining, for goods damaged in transit, the rights and responsibilities of issuers and holders of ocean bills of lading. 46 USCA §§ 1300 et seq. .
Good
n. See GOODS. good and lawful fence. See LAWFUL FENCE. good and merchantable abstract of title. See ABSTRACT OF TITLE.
Good Samaritan doctrine
Torts. The principle that a person who is injured while attempting to aid another in imminent danger, and who then sues the one whose negligence created the danger, will not be charged with contributory negligence unless the rescue attempt is an unreasonable one or the rescuer acts unreasonably in performing the attempted rescue. Cf, EMERGENCY DOCTRINE; RESCUE DOCTRINE; LOST-CHANCE DOCTRINE.
Goodright
Hist. A name sometimes used as a fictitious plaintiff in an ejectment action. "John Doe" was used more frequently. - Also termed Goodtitle. Cf. JOHN DOE.
Goods
1. Tangible or movable personal property other than money; esp., articles of trade or items of merchandise <goods and services>. ( The sale of goods is governed by Article 2 of the UCC. 2. Things that have value, whether tangible or not <the importance of social goods varies from society to society>.
and other good and valuable consideration
See other consideration.
capital goods
See GOODS.
capital goods. Goods
used for the production of other goods or services. - Also termed industrial goods.
confusion of goods
The mixture of things of the same nature but belonging to different owners so that the identification of the things is no longer possible. 0 If this occurs by common consent of the owners, they are owners in common, but if the mixture is done willfully by one person alone, that person loses all right in the property unless (1) the goods can be distinguished and separated among owners, or ( 2 the mixing person's goods are equal in value to the goods with which they were intermingled. Confusion of goods combines the civil-law concepts of confusio (a mixture of liquids) and commixtio (a mixture of dry items). - Also termed intermixture of goods.
consumer goods
Goods bought or used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, and not for resale or for producing other goods. UCC § 9-109(1).
consumer goods consumer goods
See GOODS.
consumer-goods transaction
Secured transactions. A transaction in which (1) an individu al incurs an obligation primarily for person, family, or household purposes, and (2) a security interest in consumer goods secures the obligation. UCC § 9-102(a)(16).
covenant of good right to convey
See covenant of seisin.
customer's goods
See GOODS.
customers' goods. Insurance
Goods belonging to the customers of a fire-insurance policyholder; goods held by a policyholder as a bailee.
detinue of goods in frankmarriage
Hist. A writ allowing a divorced wife to obtain the goods given to her during the marriage.
distressed goods
Goods sold at unusually low prices or at a loss.
durable goods
Consumer goods that are designed to be used repeatedly over a long period, such as automobiles or personal computers. - Also termed durables; hard goods.
duress of goods
1. The act of seizing personal property by force, or withholding it from an entitled party, and then extorting something as the condition for its release. 2. Demanding and taking personal property un- der color of legal authority that either is void or for some other reason does not justify the demand.
duty of good faith and fair dealing
A duty that is implied in some contractual relationships, requiring the parties to deal with each other fairly, so that neither prohibits the other from realizing the agreement's benefits. This duty is most commonly implied in insurance contracts, and usu. against the insurer, regarding matters such as the insurer's obligation to settle reasonable demands that are within the policy's coverage limits. See GOOD FAITH; BAD FAITH.
failure of good behavior
See FAILURE.
fugitive's goods
Hist. The goods that a person forfeited as a result of fleeing.
fungible goods
See GOODS. fur (far). [Latin] Roman law. A thief.
future goods
Goods that will come into being, such as those yet to be manufactured; goods that are not both existing and identified. ( A purported present sale of future goods or any interest in them operates as a contract to sell. UCC § 2-105(2). hard goods. See durable goods.
future goods.
See GOODS.
good and merchantable abstract of title
An abstract of title showing clear, good, and marketable title, rather than showing only the history of the property. See clear title, good title, and marketable title under TITLE (2).
good and valuable consideration
See legal consideration.
good and valuable consideration.
See valuable consideration under CONSIDERATION.
good and workmanlike.
characterized by quality craftsmanship; constructed or performed in a skillful way or method <the house was built in a good and workmanlike manner>.
good behavior
1. A standard by which judges are considered fit to continue their tenure. 2. Orderly conduct, which in the context of penal law allows a prisoner to reduce the amount of time in prison. Cf. GOOD TIME.
good cause
A legally sufficient reason. Good cause is often the burden placed on a litigant (usu. by court rule or order) to show why a request should be granted or an action excused. The term is often used in employment-termination cases. - Also termed good cause shown; just cause; lawful cause; sufficient cause. "Issues of 'just cause,' or 'good cause,' or simply 'cause' arise when an employee claims breach of the terms of an employment contract providing that discharge will be only for just cause. Thus, just cause is a creature of contract. By operation of law, an employment contract for a definite term may not be terminated without cause before the expiration of the term, unless the contract provides otherwise." Mark A. Rothstein et al., Employment Law § 9.7, at 539 (1994).
good cause shown.
See good cause under CAUSE (2).
good conduct
which can reduce the duration of the prisoner's sentence. Cf. GOOD BEHAVIOR; EARNED TIME.
good consideration
1.Consideration based on natural love or affection or on moral duty <good consideration, being based purely on affection, does not amount to valuable consideration. 0 Such consideration is usu. not valid for the enforcement of a contract. -Also termed meritorious consideration; moral consideration. "A good consideration is that of blood, or the natural love and affection which a person has to his children, or any of his relatives .... A good consideration is not of itself sufficient to support a promise, any more than the moral obligation which arises from a man's passing his word; neither will the two together make a binding contract; thus a promise by a father to make a gift to his child will not be enforced against him. The consideration of natural love and affection is indeed good for so little in law, that it is not easy to see why it should be called a good consideration ...." Joshua Williams, Principles of the Law of Personal Property 95-96 (11th ed. 1881).
good consideration.
See CONSIDERATION.
good delivery
Securities. The basic conditions for delivery of a security, including that (1) the certificate is in good condition, (2) the certificate belongs to the person transferring it, (3) the certificate is properly indorsed, and (4) any legal documents necessary for negotiability must accompany the certificate.
good faith
n. A state of mind consisting in (1) honesty in belief or purpose, (2) faithfulness to one's duty or obligation, (3) observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in a given trade or business, or (4) absence of intent to defraud or to seek unconscionable advantage. - Also termed bona fides. - goodfaith, adj. Cf. BAD FAITH.
good health. Insurance
A state of reasonable healthiness; a state of health free from serious disease. ( Good health, a phrase often appearing in life-insurance policies, does not mean perfect health. - Also termed sound health.
good jury
See special jury.
good moral character
n. 1. A pattern of behavior that is consistent with the community's current ethical standards and that shows an absence of deceit or morally reprehensible conduct. ( An alien seeking to be naturalized must show good moral character in the five years preceding the petition for naturalization. 2. A pattern of behavior conforming to a profession's ethical standards and showing an absence of moral turpitude. Good moral character is usu. a requirement of persons applying to practice a profession such as law or medicine.
good offices
Int'l law. The involvement of one or more countries or an international organization in a dispute between other countries with the aim of contributing to its settlement or at least easing relations between the disputing countries.
good time.
The credit awarded to a prisoner for
good title
1. A title that is legally valid or effective. 2. See clear title (1). 3. See marketable title.
good title.
See TITLE (2).
good,
adj. 1. Sound or reliable <a good investment. 2. Valid, effectual, and enforceable; sufficient under the law <good title>.
good-faith bargaining
Labor law. Negotiations between an employer and a representative of employees, usu. a union, in which both parties meet and confer at reasonable times with open minds and with a view to reaching an agreement. 0 The National Labor Relations Act requires good-faith bargaining, and failure to bargain in good faith is considered an unfair labor practice. 29 USCA §§ 151-169. See UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICE.
good-faith exception
Criminal procedure. An exception to the exclusionary rule whereby evidence obtained under a warrant later found to be unsupported by probable cause is nonetheless admissible if the police reasonably relied on the notion that the warrant was valid. 0 The good-faith exception was adopted by the Supreme Court in United States u. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 104 S.Ct. 3405 (1984).
good-faith margin
The amount of margin that a creditor exercising good judgment would customarily require for a specified security position. ( This amount is established without regard to the customer's other assets or securities positions held with respect to unrelated transactions. marginable security. See SECURITY. margin account. See ACCOUNT. marginal cost. See COST (1).
good-faith purchaser
See bona fide purchaser.
good-samaritan law.
A statute that exempts from liability a person (such as an off-duty physician) who voluntarily renders aid to another in imminent danger but negligently causes injury while rendering the aid. ( Some form of good-samaritan legislation has been enacted in all 50 states and in the District of Columbia. - Also written Good Samaritan law. - Also termed good-samaritan statute. Cf. GOOD SAMARITAN DOCTRINE.