Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Articles of incorporation
a document that sets forth the basic terms of a corporation's existence, including the number and classes of shares and the purposes and duration of the corporation. ( in most states, the articles of incorporation are filed with the secretary of state as part of the process of forming the corporation. In some states, the articles serve as a certificate of incorporation and are the official recognition of the corporation's existence. In other states, the government issues a certificate of incorporation after approving the articles and other required documents. - also termed articles of association; articles of organization; certificate of incorporation. Cf. Bylaw (1); charter (3).
Incorporation
n. 1. The formation of a legal corporation. See ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION. 2. Constitutional law. The process of applying the provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states by interpreting the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause as encompassing those provisions. (In a variety of opinions since 1897, the Supreme Court has incorporated all of the Bill of Rights except the following provisions: (1) the Second Amendment right to bear arms, (2) the Third Amendment prohibition of quartering soldiers, (3) the Fifth Amendment right to grand jury indictment, (4) the Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial in a civil case, and (5) the Eighth Amendment prohibition of excessive bail and fines.
certificate of incorporation
1. A document issued by a state authority (usu. the secretary of state) granting a corporation its legal existence and the right to function as a corporation. - Also termed charter; corporate charter. 2. ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION.
incorporation by reference
A method of making a secondary document part of a primary document by including in the primary document a statement that the secondary document should be treated as if it were contained within the primary one. - Often shortened to incorporation. - Also termed adoption by reference. incorporator. A person who takes part in the formation of a corporation, usu. by executing the articles of incorporation. - Also termed corporator. "An 'incorporator' must be sharply distinguished from a 'subscriber.' The latter agrees to buy shares in the corporation; in other words, a subscriber is an investor and participant in the venture. An 'incorporator' on the other hand serves the largely ceremonial or ministerial functions described in this section. At one time many states required that an incorporator also be a subscriber of shares; however, such requirement appears to have disappeared in all states." Robert W. Hamilton, The Law of Corporations in a Nutshell 34 (3d ed. 1991).
selective incorporation
See INCORPORATION.
selective incorporation.
Incorporation of certain provisions of the Bill of Rights. Justice Benjamin Cardozo, who served from 1932 to 1938, first advocated this approach.
total incorporation
Incorporation of all of the Bill of Rights. ( Justice Hugo Black, who served from 1937 to 1971, first advocated this approach.3. INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE. - incorporate, ub.