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Legal Dictionary of Pakistan

Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.

Academie de Droit International de La Haye

See HAGUE ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.

Court of International Trade, U.S

See UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE.

Court of International Trade.

See UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE.

Domestic International Sales Corporal

A U.S. corporation, esp. a subsidiary WHOSE income is primarily attributable to exports. s, Income tax on part of a DISC's income is USU deferred, resulting in a lower overall corporatftax for the parent than it would otherwise, incur. IRC (26 USCA) §§ 991-997 - Abbr. DISC.

Electio est interna libera et spontanea separatio unius rei ab alia, sine compulsione, consistens in animo et voluntate

Election is an internal, free, and spontaneous separation of one thing from another, without compulsion, consisting in intention and will.

Hague Academy of International Law

(hayg). A center for advanced studies in international law, both public and private, aimed at facilitating the comprehensive and impartial examination of problems of international legal relations. ( It was founded in 1923 on the initiative of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Institut de Droit International. - Also termed Academie de Droit International de La Haye.

Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction.

An international convention (established in 1980) that seeks to counteract child-snatching by noncustodici. ;;-rents. a The Hague Convention is a priva . ! legal mechanism available to parents seekhig the return of, or access to, their children. More than 46 countries are parties to the Convention, including the United States, which became a signatory on July 1, 1988.

Intern

n. An advanced student or recent graduate who is apprenticing to gain practical experience before entering a specific profession. -internship, n. See CLERK (4).

Internal Revenue Code

Title 26 of the U. S. Code, containing all current federal tax laws. - Abbr. IRC. -- Also termed tax law

Internal Revenue Service.

The branch of the U.S. Treasury Department responsible for administering the Internal Revenue Code and providing taxpayer education. - Abbr. IRS.

Internal audit

an audit performed by an organization's personnel to ensure that internal procedures, operations, and accounting practices are in proper order.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

See WORLD BANK.

International Court of Justice.

The 15-member U.N. tribunal that sits primarily at The Hague, Netherlands, to adjudicate disputes between countries that voluntarily submit cases for decision. 0 Appeal from the court lies only with the U.N. Security Council. - Abbr. ICJ. - Also termed World Court.

International Criminal Court.

A court that was established by the U.N. Security Council to adjudicate international crimes such as terrorism. ( The court was repeatedly proposed and discussed throughout the 20th century, but was established only in 1998. In the absence of any international criminal code, the court applies general principles of international criminal law. - Abbr. ICC.

International Criminal Police Organization.

An international law-enforcement group founded in 1923 and headquartered in Lyons, France. ( The organization gathers and shares information on transnational criminals with more than 180 member nations. - Also termed Interpol.

International Law Commission

A body crated in 1948 by the United Nations for the purpose of codifying international law. ( Ti-it Commission is composed of experts in international law. It sits at the European Office of the United Nations in Geneva, though its annual meetings are sometimes held elsewhere.

International Monetary Fund

A U.N. agency established to stabilize international exchange rates and promote balanced trade. - Abbr. IMF.

McCarran Internal Security Act

See MCCAR. RAN ACT.

United States Court of International Trade

A court with jurisdiction over any civil action against the United States arising from federal laws governing import transactions or the eligibility of workers, firms, and communities for adjustment assistance under the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USCA §§ 2101-2495). 0 Its exclusive jurisdiction also includes actions to recover customs duties, to recover on a customs bond, and to impose certain civil penalties for fraud or negligence. See 28 USCA §§ 1581-1584. - Also termed International Trade Court; (formerly) U.S. Customs Court.

amnesty international

an international non-governmental organization founded in the early 1960s to protect human rights throughout the world. 0 its mission is to "secure throughout the world the observance of the universal declaration of human rights." amnesty int'1 statute, art. 1.

courtoisie internationale

See COMITY.

crime against international law

See c T1mlE AGAINST THE LAW OF NATIONS.

customary international law

International law that derives from customary law and serves to supplement codified norms.

droit international

n. [French] International law.

forum internum

n. [Latin "internal tribunal"] Eccles. law. A court of conscience; a court for matters of conscience.

in foro interno

adu. [Latin "in an internal forum"] Eccles. law. In a court of conscience; in a court for matters of conscience. See FORUM INTERNUM.

internal act.

An act of the mind, such as thinking.

internal affairs of a foreign corporation.

Conflict of laws. Matters that involve only the inner workings of a corporation, such as dividend declarations and the selection of officers. "The old statement that a court will not hear cases involving the internal affairs of a foreign corporation has been practically dropped from the law today, and the result when appropriate is achieved under the forum non conveniens rule. Modern courts recognize their jurisdiction to entertain such suits, and insist only upon a discretionary power to refuse to exercise the existent jurisdiction when the facts make it both feasible and more desirable for the case to be heard by a court of the state of incorporation." Robert A. Leflar, American Conflicts Law § 255, at 512-13 (3d ed. 1977)

internal audit

See AUDIT.

internal financing

A funding method using funds generated through the company's operations rather than from stock issues or bank loans.

internal law

1 Law that regulates the domestic affairs of a country. Cf. INTERNATIONAL LAW. 2. LOCAL LAW (3).

internal rate of return

See RATE OF RETURN.

internal revenue

Governmental revenue derived from domestic taxes rather than from customs or import duties. - Also termed (outside the United States) inland revenue.

internal security.

The field of law dealing with measures taken to protect a country from subversive activities.

internal sovereignty

The power that rulers exercise over their own subjects.

internal sovereignty.

See SOVEREIGNTY.

internal waters

See INTERNAL WATERS.

internal-affairs doctrine

Conflict of laws. The rule that in disputes involving a corporation and its relationships with its shareholders, directors, officers, or agents, the law to be applied is the law of the state of incorporation.

internal-security act.

A statute illegalizing and controlling subversive activities of organizations whose purpose is believed to be to overthrow or disrupt the government. 0 In the United States, many provisions in such statutes have been declared unconstitutional. One such law was repealed in 1993. See 50 USCA § 781.

international administrative law.

See ADMIN. ISTRATIVE LAW.

international agreement.

A treaty or other contract between different countries, such as GATT or NAFTA. See GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE; NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT. "Though international agreements are known by a variety of titles, such as treaties, conventions, pacts, acts, declarations, protocols, accords, arrangements, concordats, and modi uiuendi, none of these terms has an absolutely fixed meaning. The more formal political agreements, however, are usually called treaties or conventions." Oscar Svarlien, An Introduction to the law of Nations 261 (1955).

international bill of exchange.

See foreign draft under DRAFT.

international control.

Int'Z law. The supervision over countries and their subdivisions for the purpose of ensuring the conformity of their conduct with international law. °[S]upervision is exercised increasingly not only over the conduct of governmental and intergovernmental institutions, but also over the acts and omissions of individuals to establish their conformity with requirements of public

international crime.

Int'l law. A crime against international law, occurring when three conditions are satisfied: (1) the criminal norm must derive either from a treaty concluded under international law or from customary international law, and must have direct binding force on individuals without intermediate provisions of municipal law, (2) the provision must be made for the prosecution of acts penalized by international law in accordance with the principle of universal jurisdiction, so that the international character of the crime might show in the mode of prosecution itself (e.g., before the International Criminal Court), and (3) a treaty establishing liability for the act must bind the great majority of countries.

international economic law.

International law relating to investment, economic relations, economic development, economic institutions, and regional economic integration.

international enclave.

See ENCLAVE.

international extradition

Extradition in response to a demand made by the executive of one nation on the executive of another nation. ( This procedure is regulated by treaties.

international extradition.

See EXTRADITION.

international jurisdiction

See JURISDICTION.

international law

The legal principles governing the relationships between nations; more modernly, the law of international relations, embracing not only nations but also such participants as international organizations, multinational corporations, nongovernmental organizations, and even individuals (such as those who invoke their human rights or commit war crimes). - Also termed public international law; law of nations; law of nature and nations; jus gentium; jus gentium publicum; jus inter gentes; foreign-relations law; interstate law; law between states (the word state, in the latter two phrases, being equivalent to nation or country). Cf. TRANSNATIONAL LAW.