Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Involuntary
adj. Not resulting from a free and unrestrained choice; not subject to control by the will. - involuntariness, n. "[T]he law, like everyday thought, usually confines the notion of involuntary to that subclass of cases which involve purely physical, physiological, or psychological movements of our limbs, like reflexes and convulsions, movements in sleep, during sleepwalking, or under hypnosis, or due to some disease of the brain, lunacy, or automatism." Alan R. White, Grounds of Liability 60-61 (1985). involuntary alienation See ALIENATION.
Involuntary bailment
a bailment that arises when a person accidentally, but without any negligence, leaves personal property in another's possession. ( an involuntary bailee who refuses to return the property to the owner can be liable for conversion. -also termed involuntary deposit. See abandoned property, lost property, mislaid property under property. Lucrative bailment. See bailment for hire. Naked bailment. See gratuitous bailment.2. The personal property delivered by the bailor to the bailee. 3. The contract or legal relation resulting from such a delivery. 4. The act of posting bail for a criminal defendant. 5. The documentation for the posting of bail for a criminal defendant.
Involuntary bankruptcy
a bankruptcy proceeding initiated by creditors (usu. Three or more) to force the debtor to declare bankruptcy or be legally declared bankrupt. 11 usca ยง 303(b).
involuntary alienation
alienation against the wishes of the transferor, as by attachment. - also termed involuntary conveyance.
involuntary bailment
See BAILMENT.
involuntary bankruptcy
See BANKRUPTCY.
involuntary confession
A confession induced by the police or other law-enforcement authorities who make promises to, coerce, or deceive the suspect.
involuntary conversion
The loss or destruction of property through theft, casualty, or condemnation.
involuntary conveyance
See involuntary alienation under ALIENATION. involuntary deposit See DEPOSIT (6).
involuntary deposit
A deposit made by accidentally leaving or placing personal property in another's possession. See involuntary bailment under BAILMENT.
involuntary dismissal
A court's dismissal of a lawsuit because the plaintiff failed to prosecute or failed to comply with a procedural rule or court order. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b).
involuntary dissolution
The terminatit,ii of a corporation administratively (for failure to file reports or pay taxes), judicially (for abuse of corporate authority, management deadlock, or failure to pay creditors), or through involuntary bankruptcy.
involuntary euthanasia
See EUTHANASIA
involuntary gap claim
Bankruptcy. A claim that accrues in the ordinary course of business after an involuntary bankruptcy petition has been filed but before the order for relief or the appointment of a trustee. ( The Bankruptcy Code gives priority to creditors with claims of this type to encourage creditors to continue dealing with a debtor until the debtor has a chance to challenge the involuntary petition.
involuntary intoxication
See INTOXICATION.
involuntary intoxication.
The ingestion of alcohol or drugs against one's will or without one's knowledge. ( Involuntary intoxication is an affirmative defense to a criminal or negligence charge.
involuntary lien
A lien arising without the debtor's consent.
involuntary manslaughter
Homicide in which there is no intention to kill or do grievous bodily harm, but that is committed with criminal negligence or during the commission of a crime not included within the felony-murder rule. - Also termed negligent manslaughter. Cf. ACCIDENTAL KILLING. "Involuntary manslaughter is a 'catch-all' concept. It includes all manslaughter not characterized as voluntary." Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal law 104 (3d ed. 1982). "The only differences between the legal use and the everyday use of 'voluntary,' 'not voluntary,' and 'involuntary' seem to be (a) a more frequent use of 'involuntary' as a synonym of 'not voluntary' and (b) a technical use of 'involuntary' in the crime of 'involuntary manslaughter,' where it seems to have the meaning of 'unintentional.' Thus, as contrasted with 'voluntary manslaughter,' there is no suggestion that death, as contrasted with harm, was intended or foreseen. Though it is often confined to cases of assault and battery where death results, for example either from the withholding of food or from excessive chastisement of a child, some jurists say that it can be due to any unlawful and dangerous action causing death." Alan R. White, Grounds of Liability 61-62 (1985).
involuntary payment
A payment obtained by fraud or duress.
involuntary petition
See PETITION,
involuntary servitude
The condition of one forced to labor - for pay or not - for another by coercion or imprisonment.
involuntary stranding
See accidental stranding under STRANDING.
involuntary suretyship
A suretyship that arises incidentally, when the chief object of the contract is to accomplish some other purpose.
involuntary trust
See constructive trust.