Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Conjoint
A person connected with another in a joint interest or obligation, such as a cotenant or spouse.
Joint
adj. 1. (Of a thing) common to or shared by two or more persons or entities <joint bank account>. 2. (Of a person or entity) combined, united, or sharing with another <joint heirs>.
Joint ballot
parliamentary practirce. ," vote by legislators of both houses sitting together as one body.
Jointress
Hist. A woman who has a jointure. Also termed jointuress. See JOINTURE (1).
Jointures
See JOINTRESS.
conjoint robbery
A robbery committed by two or more persons.
conjoint will
See joint will.
joint account
A bank or brokerage account opened by two or more people, by which each party has a present right to all funds in the account and, upon the death of one party, the survivors become the owners of the account, with no right of the deceased party's heirs or devisees to share in it. - Abbr. JA. - Also termed joint-and-survivorship account.
joint action
See ACTION,
joint action.
1. An action brought by two or more plaintiffs. 2. An action brought against two or more defendants.
joint activity
See JOINT PARTICIPATION.
joint administration
Bankruptcy. The management of two or more bankruptcy estates, usu. involving related debtors, under one docket for purposes of handling various administrative matters, including notices to creditors, to conclude the cases more efficiently. ( A bankruptcy court can order a joint administration when there are two or more cases pending involving a husband and wife, a partnership and at least one partner, two or more business partners, or a business and an affiliate. The intent should be to increase the administrative efficiency of administering the two cases; the substantive rights of creditors should not ordinarily be affected. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1015. -Also termed procedural consolidation. Cf. substantive consolidation under CONSOLIDATION.
joint adventure
See JOINT VENTURE.
joint and mutual will
A will executed by two or more people - to dispose of property they own separately, in common, or jointly -requiring the surviving testator to dispose of the property in accordance with the terms of the will, and showing that the devises are made in consideration of one another. ( The word "joint" indicates the form of the will. The word "mutual" describes the substantive provisions. - Also termed joint and reciprocal will.
joint and reciprocal will
See joint and mutual will under WILL.
joint and several
adj. (Of liability, responsibility, etc.) apportionable either among two or more parties or to only one or a few select members of the group, at the adversary's discretion; together and in separation.
joint and several bond
A bond in which the principal and interest are guaranteed by two or more obligors.
joint and several liability
See LIABILITY.
joint and several note
See NOTE (1).
joint annuity
an annuity payable to two annuitants until one of them dies, at which time the annuity terminates for the survivor (unless the annuity also provides for survivorship rights). see survivorship annuity.
joint authors
Copyright. Two or more authors who collaborate in producing a copyrightable work, each author intending to merge his or her respective contributions into a single work, and each being able to exploit the work as desired while remaining accountable for a pro rata share of the profits to the coauthor or coauthors.
joint ballot
See BALLOT (3).
joint board
Labor law. A committee - use. made up of an equal number of representatives from management and the union - established to conduct grievance proceedings or resolve grievances.
joint bond
A bond signed by two or more obligors. 0 In contrast to a joint and several bond, all the obligors must be joined if an action is brought on the bond.
joint committee
See COMMITTEE
joint contract
A contract in which two or more promisors are together bound to fulfill its obligations, or one in which two or more promisees are together entitled to performance. Cf severable contract.
joint covenant
A covenant that binds two or more covenantors together. Cf. several covenant.
joint creditor
See CREDITOR.
joint custody
An arrangement by which both parents share the responsibility for and authority over the child at all times. - Also termed shared custody. "The statutes, and the cases as well, differ over the definition of joint custody. It is most often defined as meaning only that both parents will share in the decisions concerning the child's care, education, religion, medical treatment and general welfare." Homer H. Clark, Jr., The Lain of Domestic Relations in the United States § 19.5, at 815 (2d ed. 1988).
joint debtor
One of two or more debtors jointly liable for the same debt.
joint defendant
See CODEFENDANT
joint demise
In an ejectment action, a demise made by two or more persons in one declaration.
joint employment
See EMYLOYMEN.
joint employment.
A job in which the essential terms and conditions of the employee's work are controlled by two or more entities, as when a company hires a contractor to perform a task and retains control over the contractor's employees in matters such as hiring, firing, discipline, conditions of employment, promulgation of work rules, assignment of day-to-day job duties, and issuance of operating instructions.
joint enterprise
1. Criminal law. An undertaking by two or more persons who set out t ( commit an offense they have conspired to commit. See CONSPIRACY. 2. Torts. An undertaking by two or more persons with an equal right to direct and benefit from the endeavor, as a result of which one participant's negligence may be imputed to the others. - Also termed (in senses 1 and 2) common enterprise. 3. JOINT VENTURE. 4. A joint venture for noncommercial purposes. "A business relationship is needed for a joint venture bait not for a joint enterprise. Thus, a joint enterprise May be defined as a non-commercial joint center venture " 46 Am Jur 2d Joint Ventures § 6, at 2 7 1 1994
joint estate
See ESTATE.
joint executor
One of two or more persons named in a will as executor of an estate. -Also termed coexecutor.
joint heir
1. A coheir. 2. A person who is or will be an heir to both of two designated persons at the death of the survivor of them, the word joint being here applied to the ancestors rather than the heirs.
joint indictment
See INDICTMENT.
joint liability
Liability shared by two or more parties.
joint life insurance
See INSURANCE.
joint life insurance.
Life insurance on two or more persons, payable to the survivor or survivors when one of the policyholders dies.
joint life policy
See INSURANCE POLICY.
joint mortgage
A mortgage given to two or more mortgagees jointly.
joint negligence
The negligence of two or more persons acting together to cause an accident. Cf. concurrent negligence.
joint note
A note for which multiple makers are jointly, but not severally, liable for repayment, meaning that the payee must legally look to all the makers together for payment of the debt. See joint liability under LIABILITY.
joint obligation
See OBLIGATION.
joint obligation.
1. An obligation that binds two or more debtors to a single performance for one creditor. 2. An obligation that binds one debtor to a single performance for two or more creditors.
joint offense
See OFFENSE (1).
joint ownership
Ownership shared by two or more persons whose interests, at death, pass to the survivor or survivors by virtue of the right of survivorship.