Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Aftermarket
See secondary market.
Arbitrary mark
see arbitrary trademark under trademark.
Arbitrary trademark
see trademark.
Architectural work
copyright. The design of a building, as embodied in any tangible medium of expression, including plans and drawings (which are protected as pictorial or graphic works) or the building itself (which is protected, if built after december 1, 1990, under the berne convention).
Area-standards picketing
labor lai. The practice that a union undertakes to protect its members in a particular region by picketing employers that may undercut the market. Through the potentially lower labor costs of a nonunion workforce.
Arkansas rule
secured transactions. The principle that the collateral securing a loan is presumed to be worth at least as much as the loan's balance, and that the creditor has the burden to prove that a sale of the collateral would not satisfy the loan amount. Norton v. National bank of commerce, 398 s.w.2d 538 ark. 1966)
Articled clerk
english law. A clerk who works for a solicitor in exchange for learning the profession; a clerk bound by articles of apprenticeship.
Asked price
See price.
Asking price
see price.
Assayer of the king
hist. An officer of the royal mint, appointed by st. 2 hen. 6, ch. 12, who receives and tests bullion taken in for coining. - also termed assayator regis.
Assented stock
see stock.
Assessable stock
see stock.
Assessment work
mining law. The annual bor (such as improvements) that must be performed on an unpatented mining claim to continue to hold the claim.
Asset-backed security
see security.
Assumption of the risk
torts. 1. The act or an instance of a prospective plaintiff's taking on the risk of loss, injury, or damage <the skydiver's assumption of the risk>. - also termed assumption of risk."[assumption of risk] has been a subject of much controversy, and has been surrounded by much confusion, because 'assumption of risk' has been used by the courts in several different senses, which traditionally have been lumped together under the one name, often without realizing that any differences exist. There are even courts which have limited the use of the term 'assumption of risk' to cases in which the parties stand in the relation of master and servant, or at least some other contractual relation; but they have been compelled to invent other names for other cases, such as 'incurred risk,' or 'volenti non fit injuria.' this appears to be largely a distinction without a difference; and most courts have made general use of the one term .... In its most basic sense, assumption of risk means that the plaintiff, in advance, has given his express consent to relieve the defendant of an obligation of conduct toward him, and to take his chances of injury from a known risk arising from what the defendant is to do or leave undone." w. Page keeton et al., the lava of torts $ 68, at 480-81 (5th ed. 1984) 2. The principle that one who has taken on oneself the risk of loss, injury, or damage consequently cannot maintain an action against the party having caused the loss <assumption of the risk was not a valid defense>. ( assumption of the risk was originally an affirmative defense, but in most jurisdictions it has now been wholly or largely subsumed by the doctrines of contributory or comparative negligence. The risk assumed by the person was often termed an incurred risks
At-risk rules
n. Pl. Statutory limitations of a taxpayer's deductible losses to the amount the taxpayer could actually lose, to prevent the taxpayer from sheltering income. Ats. Abbr. At the suit of.
At-the-market price.
see price,
Attachment of risk
the point when the risk of loss of purchased goods passes from the seller to the buyer. Ucc § 2-509.
Attorney work product.
see work product
Auction market
see market.
Aunt jemima doctrine. Trademarks
the principle that a trademark is protected not only from an act of direct copying, but also from the use of any similar mark that would likely make a buyer think that the item bearing the similar mark comes from the same source as the trademarked item. Aunt jemima mills co. V. Rigney & co., 247 f. 407 (2d cir. 1917); 15 usca § 1114.
Authorized capital stock
see capital stock (1) under stock.
Authorized stock
see capital stock (1) under stock.
Available for work
adj. (of a person) ready, willing, and able to accept temporary or permanent employment when offered.
Back
ub. 1. To indorse; to sign the back of an instrument. 2. To sign so as to show acceptance or approval. 3. To sign so as to indicate financial responsibility for. 4. Hist. (of a magistrate) to sign a warrant issued in one county to permit its execution in the signing magistrate's county.
Back carry. Hist
the crime of carrying, on one's back, unlawfully killed game.
Back lands
generally, lands lying away from -not next to - a highway or a watercourse.
Back taxes
taxes that, though assessed for a previous year or years, remain due and unpaid.
Back-in right
oil & gas. A reversionary interest .in an oil-and-gas lease entitling an assignor to a share of the working interest after the assignee has recovered specified costs from production.
Back-title letter
a letter from a title insurer advising an attorney of the condition of title to land as of a certain date. 0 with this information, the attorney can begin examining the title from that date forward.
Back-to-back loan
see loan.
Back-to-work agreement
a contract between a union and an employer covering the terms under which the employees will return to work after a strike.
Backberend
[old english] hist. 1. The bearing of stolen goods upon the back.or about the person. ( backberend is sometimes modernized to backbearing. 2. A person caught carrying stolen goods. - also spelled bacberende; backberinde. Cf. Handhabend.
Backdate, ub
1. To put a date earlier than the actual date on (something, as an instrument). ( under ucc § 3-113(a), backdating does not affect an instrument's negotiability. Cf. Postdate. 2. To make (something) retroactively valid
Backhaul allowance
see allowance (1)
Backing. Endorsement, esp. Of a warrant by a magistrate.
See back (4).
Backpay award.
a judicial or quasi judicial body's decision that an employee or ex-employee is entitled to accrued but uncollected wages or benefits. - sometimes shortened to backpay.
Backspread.
securities. In arbitrage, a less than normal price difference in the price of a currency or commodity. See arbitrage; spread (3).
Backward integration
see integration (4)
Backwardation
securities. A fee paid by the seller of securities so that the buyer will allow delivery after their original delivery date. -also termed backadation; inverted market.
Backwater
Water in a stream that, because of a dam or obstruction, cannot flow forward and sometimes flows back.
Bad check
see check.
Bail dock
a small compartment in a courtroom used to hold a criminal defendant during trial.
Bailiwick
the office, jurisdiction or district of a bailiff; esp., a bailiff's territorial jurisdiction. - also termed bailiuia; baliua; balliua.
Bailout stock
see stock.
Bank
ub. 1. To keep money at <he banks at the downtown branch>. 2. To deposit (funds) in n bank <she banked the prize money yesterday. 3. Slang. To loan money to facilitate !a transaction) <who banked the deal?>. ( the lender's consideration usu. Consists of a fee or an interest in the property involved in the transaction
Bank acceptance
see banker's acceptance under acceptance (4) ;
Bank account
see accounts,
Bank bill.
see banknote
Bank charter
see charter