Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
D & O liability insurance
See directors' and officers' liability insurance under INSURANCE.
Federal Employers' Liability Act
A workers'-compensation law that provides death and disability benefits for employees of railroads engaged in interstate and foreign commerce. 45 USCA §§ 51-60 - Abbr. FE1,A.
Liability
n. 1. The quality or state of being legally obligated or accountable; legal responsibility to another or to society, enforceable by civil remedy or criminal punishment <hability for injuries caused by negligence>. - Also termed legal liability. 2. (often pl.) A financial or pecuniary obligation; DEBT <tax liability> <assets and liabilities>. "The term 'liability' is one of at least double signification. In one sense it is the synonym of duty, the correlative of right; in this sense it is the opposite of privilege or liberty. If a duty rests upon a party, society is now commanding performance by him and threatening penalties. In a second sense, the term 'liability' is the correlative of power and the opposite of immunity. In this case society is not yet commanding performance, but it will so command if the possessor of the power does some operative act. If one has a power, the other has a liability. It would be wise to adopt the second sense exclusively. Accurate legal thinking is difficult when the fundamental terms have shifting senses." William R. Anson, Principles of the Law of Contract 9 (Arthur L. Corbin ed., 3d Am. ed. 1919). "Liability or responsibility is the bond of necessity that exists between the wrongdoer and the remedy of the wrong. This uinculum juris is not one of mere duty or obligation; it pertains not to the sphere of ought but to that of must." John Salmond, Jurisprudence 364 (Glanville L. Williams ed., 10th ed. 1947).
absolute liability
See, strict liability under LIA-BILITY.
accomplice liability
Criminal responsibility of one who acts with another before, during, or after a crime. See 18 USCA § 2.
accrued liability
A debt or obligation that is properly chargeable in a given accounting period but that is not yet paid.
agreement relating to liability limitation of the warsaw convention and the hague protocol.
see montreal agreement.
alternative liability
Liability arising from the tortious acts of two or more parties -when the plaintiff proves that one of the defendants has caused harm but cannot prove which one caused it - resulting in a shifting of the burden of proof to each defendant. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 433B(3) (1965).
apportionment of liability
torts. the parceling out of liability for an injury among multiple tortfeasors, and possibly the plaintiff as well. ( apportionment of liability encompasses such legal doctrines as joint and several liability, comparative responsibility, indemnity, and settlements. see restatement (third) of torts: apportionment of liability (1999).
civil liability
1. Liabilityimposed under the civil, as opposed to the criminal, law. 2. The state of being legally obligated for civil damages.
civil-liability act
See DRAM-SHOP LIABILITY,
commercial general liability policy
See comprehensive general liability policy.
comprehensive general liability policy
An insurance policy, usu. obtained by a business, that covers damages that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay to a third party because of bodily injury or property damage. - Often shortened to CGL policy; general liability policy. - Also termed commercial general liability policy.
contingent liability
A liability that will occur only if a specific event happens; a liability that depends on the occurrence of a future and uncertain event. ( In financial statements, contingent liabilities are usu. stated in footnotes.
current liability
A business liability that will be paid or otherwise discharged with current assets or by creating other current liabilities within the next year (or operating cycle).
derivative liability
Liability for a wrong that a person other than the one wronged has a right to redress. ( Examples include liability to a widow in a wrongful-death action and liability to a corporation in a shareholder's derivative suit.
derivative liability.
See LIABILITY
directors' and officers' liability insurance
Also termed D & O insurance. See INSURANCE.
directors' and officers' liability insurance.
An agreement to indemnify corporate directors and officers against judgments, settlements, and fines arising from negligence suits, shareholder actions, and other business-related suits. - Often shortened to D & O liability insurance; D & O insurance.
dram-shop liability
Civil liability of a commercial seller of alcoholic beverages for personal injury caused by an intoxicated customer. 0 Claims based on a similar type of liability have been brought against private citizens for personal injury caused by an intoxicated social guest.
employee-liability exclusion
A provision in some commercial general liability policies, excluding coverage for injury to an employee (or a member of the employee's family), arising from and in the course of employment with the insured. ( This exclusion is generally intended to exclude from coverage all injuries covered by the workers'-compensation laws.
employers' liability.
See WORKERS' COMPENSATION.
employers'-liability insurance
1. An agreement to indemnify an employer against an employee's claim not covered under the workers'-compensation system. 2. An agreement to indemnify against liability imposed on an employer for an employee's negligence that injures a third party.
employment practices liability insurance.
Insurance that provides coverage forclaims arising from an insured's injury-causing employment practice, such as discrimination, defamation, or sexual harassment. -Abbr. EPL insurance.
employment-practices-liability insurance.
See INSURANCE.
enterprise liability
Liability imposed on each member of an industry responsible for manufacturing a harmful or defective product, allotted by each manufacturer's market share of the industry. - Also termed industry-wide liability. See market-share liability.
excess-liability damages
See excess damages under DAMAGES.
fixed liability
See fixed debt under DEBT.
general liability policy
See comprehensive general liability policy under INSURANCE POLICY.
indemnity against liability
A right to indemnity that arises on the indemnitor's default, regardless of whether the indemnitee has suffered a loss.
industry-wide liability.
See enterprise liability under LIABILITY.
joint and several liability
See LIABILITY.
joint liability
Liability shared by two or more parties.
legal liability
See LIABILITY.
liability bond
A bond intended to protect the assured from a loss arising from some event specified in the bond.
liability dividend
See scrip dividend under DIVIDEND.
liability in solido
See solidary liability under LIABILITY. L
liability insurance
An agreement to cover a loss resulting from one's liability to a third party, such as a loss incurred by a driver who injures a pedestrian.( The insured's claim under the policy arises once the insured's liability to a third party has been asserted. -Also termed third party insurance; public-liability insurance.
liability ley escripte
See LEY CIVILE.
liability limit
The maximum amount of coverage that an insurance company will provide on a single claim under an insurance policy. -Also termed limit of liability; policy limits.
liability without fault
See strict liability under LIABILITY.
limit of liability
See LIABILITY LIMIT.
limitation-of-liability act
A federal or state law that limits the type of damages that may be recovered, the liability of particular persons or groups, or the time during which an action may be brought. See FEDERAL TORT CLAIMS ACT; sovereign immunity under IMMUNITY (1).
limited liability
See LIABILITY.
limited-liability company
A company -statutorily authorized in certain states -that is characterized by limited liability, management by members or managers, and limitations on ownership transfer. - Abbr. L.L.C. - Also termed limited-liability corporation.
limited-liability corporation
See limited-liability company under COMPANY. limited-liability partnership See PARTNERSHIP.
limited-liability partnership.
A partnership in which a partner is not liable for a negligent act committed by another partner or by an employee not under the partner's supervision. ( All states have enacted statutes that allow a business (typically a law firm or accounting firm) to register as this type of partnership. - Abbr. L.L.P.
manufacturer's liability
See PRODUCTS LIABILITY.
market-share liability
Liability that is imposed, usu. severally, on each member of an industry, based on each member's share of the market, or respective percentage of the product that is placed on the market. a This theory of liability usu. applies only in the situation in which a plaintiff cannot trace the harmful exposure to a particular product, as when several products contain a fungible substance. For example, it is sometimes applied to a claim that the plaintiff was harmed by exposure to asbestos. See enterprise liability.
parental-liability law
A statute obliging parents to pay damages for torts (esp. intentional ones) committed by their minor children. ( All states have these laws, but most limit the parents' liability to about $3,000 per tort.