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Legal Dictionary of Pakistan

Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.

BCD special court-martial

A special court-martial in which a possible punishment is a bad-conduct discharge (a "BCD").

Court-Martial Reports

A publication containing the opinions of the U.S. Court of Military Appeals and select decisions of the Courts of Military Review. ( This publication appeared during the years 1951-1975. - Abbr. CMR.

Manual for Courts-Martial

A manual that implements the Uniform Code of Military Justice. 0 It was adopted in 1969 by presidential executive order.

Mart

See MARKET (1).

Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory

A series of books, published annually, containing a roster of lawyers and law firms in most cities of the United States, corporate legal departments, government lawyers, foreign lawyers, and lawyer-support providers, as well as a digest of the laws of the states, the District of Columbia, and territories of the United States, and a digest of the laws of many foreign jurisdictions, including Canada and its provinces.

Martinez report

A report that courts sometimes require a pro se party to file in order to clarify a vague or incomprehensible complaint. Martinez u. Aaron, 570 F.2d 317 (10th Cir. 1978).

absolute martial law

See martial law

court-martial

n. An ad hoc military court, convened under military authority, to try and punish those who violate the Uniform Code of Military Justice, particularly members of the armed forces. Pl. courts-martial. - courtmartial, vb. "Courts-martial are not a part of the federal judiciary system, and the procedure in such courts is regulated by the Articles of War, Army Regulations, orders of the President, and Military custom." Altmayer v. Sanford, 148 F.2d 161 (5th Cir. 1945).

court-martial order

A written order containing the result of a court-martial trial.

general court-martial

A proceeding that is presided over by a military judge, and no fewer than five members (who serve as jurors), and that has jurisdiction over all the members of the armed forces. ( It is the highest military trial court.

law martial

See MARTIAL LAw.

marte suo decurrere

[Latin] Hist. To run its course by its own force. ( In the civil law, this term was applied to a suit that ran its course without obstruction.

martial law

1. The law by which during wartime the army, instead of civil authority, governs the country because of a perceived need for military security or public safety. ( The military assumes control purportedly until civil authority can be restored. 2. A body of firm, strictly enforced rules that are imposed because of a perception by the country's rulers that civil government has failed, or might fail, to function. ( Martial law is usu. imposed when the rulers foresee an invasion, insurrection, economic collapse, or other breakdown of the rulers' desired social order. "Martial law is the public law of necessity. Necessity calls it forth, necessity justifies its exercise, and necessity measures the extent and degree to which it may be employed. That necessity is no formal, artificial, legalistic concept but an actual and factual one: it is the necessity of taking action to safeguard the state against insurrection, riot, disorder, or public calamity. What constitutes necessity is a question of fact in each case." Frederick B. Wiener, A Practical Manual of Martial Law 16 (1940). "[M]artial law is nothing more and nothing less than an application of the common law doctrine that force, to whatever degree necessary, may be used to repress illegal force. Martial law is the public right of self-defense against a danger threatening the order or the existence of the state. Where the ordinary civil authorities - the police - are unable to resist or subdue a disturbance, additional force, military in nature, may be applied. The extent of military force used depends in each instance upon the extent of the disturbance." Id. at 16-17.

president of a court-martial

Military law. The senior member in rank present at a courtmartial trial.

qualified martial law

The carrying on of government functions partly by military agencies, as a result of which the authority of some civil agencies is superseded. 3. The law by which the army in wartime governs foreign territory that it occupies. 4. Loosely, MILITARY LAW.

qualified martial law.

See MARTIAL LAW

smart money

1. Funds held by sophisticated usu. large investors who are considered capable of minimizing risks and maximizing profit <the smart money has now left this market>. 2. See punitive damages under DAMAGES <although the jury awarded only $7,000 in actual damages, it also awarded $500.000 in smart money>.

special court-martial

A proceeding that is presided over by a military judge and no fewer than three members (who serve as jurors) to hear noncapital offenses and prescribe a sanction of hard labor, dismissal, or extended confinement (up to six months). 0 It is the intermediate level of courts-martial.

summary court-martial

A proceeding presided over by a single commissioned officer who is jurisdictionally limited in what sanctions can be imposed. 0 It is the lowest level of courts-martial.