Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Nature
1. A fundamental quality that distinguishes one thing from another; the essence of something. 2. A wild condition, untouched by civilization. 3. A disposition or personality of someone or something. 4. Something pure or true as distinguished from something artificial or contrived. 5. The basic instincts or impulses of someone or something. 6. The elements of the universe, such as mountains, plants, planets, and stars.
abominable and detestable crime against nature
See SODOMY.
act of nature.
See ACT OF GOD.
bill in the nature of a bill of review.
See BILL (2).
bill in the nature of a bill of revivor.
A bill filed when a litigant dies or becomes incapacitated before the litigant's interest in property could be determined. 0 The purpose. of the bill is to resolve who holds the right to revive the original litigation in the deceased's stead.
bill in the nature of a supplemental bill.
See BILL (2).
bill in the nature of interpleader.
A bill of interpleader filed by a person claiming an interest in interpleaded property.
crime against nature
See SODOMY
digital signature
A secure, digital code attached to an electronically transmitted message that uniquely identifies and authenticates the sender. 0 Digital signatures are esp. important for electronic commerce and are a key component of many electronic messageauthentication schemes. Several states have passed legislation recognizing the legality of digital signatures. See E-COMMERCE.
digital signature.
See SIGNATURE.
facsimile signature
1. A signature that has been prepared and reproduced by mechanical or photographic means. 2. A signature on a document that has been transmitted by a fascimile machine. See FAX.
guardian by nature.
Hist. The parental guardian of an heir apparent who has not yet reached the age of 21. ( Although the common law made the father the guardian by nature and the mother only after the father's death, most states have given both parents equal rights of guardianship over their children (see, e.g., N.Y. Dom. Rel. Law § 81). -Also termed natural guardian.
law of a general nature
See general law under LAw.
law of nature
See NATURAL LAW,
law of nature and nations
See INTERNATION. AL LAW.
legal signature
See SIGNATURE.
natured personages
John Doe and Richard Roe, from their universal acquaintance and peculiar longevity, have become the ready and common pledges of every suitor." 1 George Crompton, Rules and Cases of Practice in the Courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas xlvii (3d ed. 1787). "The fictitious names John Doe and Richard Roe regularly appeared in actions of ejectment ... at common law. Doe was the nominal plaintiff, who by a fiction was said to have entered land under a valid lease; Roe was said to have ejected Doe, and the lawsuit took the title Doe u. Roe. These fictional allegations disappeared upon the enactment of the Common Law Procedure Act of 1852 .... Beyond actions of ejectment, and esp. in the U.S., John Doe, Jane Doe, Richard Roe, Jane Roe, and Peter Poe have come to identify a party to a lawsuit whose true name is either unknown or purposely shielded." Bryan A Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 290-91 (2d ed. 1995).
private signature
Civil law. A signature made on a document (such as a will) that has not been witnessed or notarized.
signature card
A financial-institution record consisting of a customer's signature and other information that assists the institution in monitoring financial transactions, as by comparing the signature on the record with signatures on checks, withdrawal slips, and other documents.
signature crime
A distinctive crime so similar in pattern, scheme, or modus operandi to previous crimes that it identifies a particular defendant as the perpetrator.
signature evidence
Evidence of a person's prior bad acts that, while ordinarily inadmissible, will be admitted if it shows, for example, that two crimes were committed through the same planning, design, scheme, or modus operandi, and in such a way that the prior act and the current act are uniquely identifiable as those of the defendant.
signature loan
See LOAN.
signature.
1. A person's name or mark written by that person or at the person's direction. 2. Commercial law. Any name, mark, or writing used with the intention of authenticating a document. UCC §§ 1-201(39), 3-401(b). - Also termed legal signature. "The signature to a memorandum may be any symbol made or adopted with an intention, actual or apparent, to authenticate the writing as that of the signer." Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 134 (1979).
state of nature
The lack of a politically organized society. ( The term is a fictional construct for the period in human history predating any type of political society. "[W]e may make use of the contrast, familiar to the philosophy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, between the civil state and the state of nature. This state of nature is now commonly rejected as one of the fictions which flourished in the era of the social contract, but such treatment is needlessly severe. The term certainly became associated with much false or exaggerated doctrine touching the golden age, on the one hand, and the bellum omnium contra omnes of Hobbes, on the other, but in itself it nevertheless affords a convenient mode for the expression of an undoubted truth. As long as there have been men, there has probably been some form of human society. The state of nature, therefore, is not the absence of society, but the absence of a society so organised on the basis of physical force as to constitute a state. Though human society is coeval with mankind, the rise of political society, properly so called, is an event in human history." John Salmond, Jurisprudence 103-04 (Glanville L. Williams ed., 10th ed. 1947).
suit of a civil nature
A civil action. See civil action under ACTION.
supplemental bill in nature of bill of review
See bill in the nature of a bill of review under BILL (2).
supplemental bill in nature of bill of review.
See bill in the nature of a bill or review.A legislative proposal offered for debate before its enactment.
tutorship by nature
1. Tutorship of a minor child that belongs by right to a surviving parent. 2. Tutorship of a minor child that belongs to the parent under whose care the child has been placed following divorce or judicial separation. ( If the parents are awarded joint custody, both have cotutorship and equal authority, privileges, and responsibilities. La. Civ. Code art. 250.
unauthorized signature
See SIGNATURE.