Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Actio personalis moritur cum persona
A personal action dies with the person.
Impersonal
See IN REM.
Impersonalitas non concludit nee ligat.
Im. personality neither concludes nor binds.
Personal
adj. 1. Of or affecting a person <personal injury>. 2. Of or constituting personal property <personal belongings>. See IN PERSONAM.
Personal asset
an asset in the form of' money or chattels.
Personalia personam sequuntur
Personal things follow the person.
Personaliter
adu. [Latin] Personally; in person.
Personality
The legal status of one regarded by the law as a person; the legal conception by which the law regards a human being or an artificial entity as a person. - Also termed legal personality. "Legal personality refers to the particular device by which the law creates or recognizes units to which it ascribes certain powers and capacities." George Whitecross Paton, A Textbook of Jurisprudence 393 (G.W. Paton & David P. Derham eds., 4th ed. 1972).
Personalty
Personal property as distinguished from real property. See personal property (1) under PROPERTY. quasi personalty. Things that are considered movable by the law, though fixed to real property either actually (as with a fixture) or fictitiously (as with a lease for years).
Privilegium est beneficium personale et extinguitur cum persona
A privilege is a benefit belonging to a person, and it dies with the person.
Servitia personalia sequuntur personam
Personal services follow the person (of the lord).( Such "personal services" were those "annexed to the person of the Mesne, as homage, fealty, etc." 2 Co. Inst. 374.
actio personalis
A personal action.
chattel personal
( A tangible good or an intangible right (such as a patent). - Also termed personal chattel.
conflict of personal laws.
1. A difference of laws between a jurisdiction's general laws and the laws of a racial or religious group, such as a conflict between federal law and American Indian tribal law. 2. A difference between personal laws. See PERSONAL LAW.
independent personal representative
See personal representative.
legal personal representative
1. When used by a testator referring to personal property, an executor or administrator. 2. When used by a testator referring to real property, one to whom the real estate passes immediately upon the testator's death. 3. When used concerning the death of a seaman, the public administrator, executor, or appointed administrator in the seaman's state of residence.
legal personality
See PERSONALITY,
legal-personal representative
See REPRESENTATIVE.
nonpersonal action
An action that proceeds within some category of territorial jurisdiction other than in personam - that is, jurisdiction in rem, quasi in rem, or over status.
nonpersonal action.
See ACTION
personal action
See ACTION.
personal action.
An action brought for the recovery of debts, personal property, or damages arising from any cause."Personal actions are those brought (1) for specific recovery of goods or chattels, (2) or for damages or other redress for breach of contract, (3) or every other kind of injury. They are ex contractu when they arise out of contract, ex delicto when they arise out of the wrong or delict of the defendant." Edwin E. Bryant, The Law of Pleading Under the Codes of Civil Procedure 5 (2d ed. 1899)."Personal actions are subdivided into those brought for the recovery of a debt or of damages for the breach of a contract, or for tort, for some injury to the person or to relative rights or to personal or real property. The most common of these actions are debt, covenant, assumpsit, detinue, trespass, trespass on the case, trover, and replevin." Benjamin J. Shipman, Handbook of CommonZaw Pleading ยง 34, at 65 (Henry Winthrop Ballantine ed., 3d ed. 1923).
personal asset
See ASSET.
personal bond
See BOND (2).
personal bond.
1. See bail bond; BAIL. 2. A written document in which an obligor formal-ly recognizes an obligation to pay money or to do a specified act.
personal chattel
See CHATTEL.
personal check
See CHECK.
personal check.
A check drawn on a person's own account.
personal defense
An ordinary defense in a contract action - such as failure of consideration or nonperformance of a condition -that the maker or drawer of a negotiable instrument is precluded from raising against a person who has the rights of a holder in due course. ( A personal defense can be asserted only against a transferee who is not a holder in due course. - Also termed limited defense.
personal demand
An in-person demand for payment upon the drawer, maker, or acceptor of a bill or note. 3. In economics, the intensity of buyer pressure on the availability and cost of a commodity or service.
personal effects
Items of a personal character; esp., personal property owned by a decedent at the time of death.
personal estate
See personal property under PROPERTY.
personal evidence
See TESTIMONY.
personal exemption
An amount allowed as a deduction from an individual taxpayer's adjusted gross income.
personal holding company
See COMPANY.
personal holding company.
A holding company that is subject to special taxes and that usu. has a limited number of shareholders, with most of its revenue originating from passive income such as dividends, interest, rent, and royalties.
personal income
See INCOME.
personal income.
The total income received by an individual from all sources.
personal injury
Torts. 1. In a negligence action, any harm caused to a person, such as a broken bone, a cut, or a bruise; bodily injury. 2. Any invasion of a personal right, including mental suffering and false imprisonment. 3. For purposes of workers' compensation, any harm (including a worsened preexisting condition) that arises in the scope of employment.
personal judgment
See JUDGMENT.
personal jurisdiction
A court's power to bring a person into its adjudicative process; jurisdiction over a defendant's personal rights, rather than merely over property interests. - Also termed in personam jurisdiction; jurisdiction in personam; jurisdiction of the person; jurisdiction over the person. See IN PERSONAM. Cf. in rem jurisdiction.
personal justice
Justice between parties to a dispute, regardless of any larger principles that might be involved. - Also termed justice in personam.
personal knowledge
See KNOWLEDGE.
personal law
The law that governs a person's family matters, usu. regardless of where the person goes. ( In common-law systems, personal law refers to the law of the person's domicile. In civil-law systems, it refers to the law of the individual's nationality (and so is sometimes called lax patriae). Cf. TERRITORIAL LAW. "The idea of the personal law is based on the conception of man as a social being, so that those transactions of his daily life which affect him most closely in a personal sense, such as marriage, divorce, legitimacy, many kinds of capacity, and succession, may be governed universally by that system of law deemed most suitable and adequate for the purpose .... [A]lthough the law of the domicile is the chief criterion adopted by English courts for the personal law, it lies within the power of any man of full age and capacity to establish his domicile in any country he chooses, and thereby automatically to make the law of that country his personal law." R.H. Graveson, Conflict of Laws 188 (7th ed. 1974).
personal liability
See LIABILITY.
personal liberty
See LIBERTY.
personal notice
See NOTICE,
personal property
1 Any movable or intangible thing that is subject to ownership and not classified as real property. - Also termed personalty; personal estate; movable estate; (in plural) things personal. Cf real property. 2. Property not used in a taxpayer's trade or business or held for income production or collection.
personal property tax
A tax on personal property (such as jewelry or household furniture) levied by a state or local government.
personal recognizance
The release of a defendant in a criminal case in which the court takes the defendant's word that he or she will appear for a scheduled matter or when told to appear. 9 This type of release dispenses with the necessity of the person's posting money or having a surety sign a bond with the court. 2. See bail bond under BOND (2).