Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Court of Private Land Claims
Hist. A federal court - in existence from 1891 to 1895 - with jurisdiction to hear private parties' claims to public-domain land located in the southwestern part of the United States and deriving from Spanish or Mexican grants.
Jura publica anteferenda privates
Public rights are to be preferred to private.
Overseas Private Investment Corporation.
A corporation created by the federal government to finance and insure overseas investments by U.S. companies. ( Chartered in 1969, the corporation is a for-profit entity that is not federally funded, but its insurance commitments are backed by the full faith and credit of the federal government. - Abbr. OPIC.
Private
adj 1 Relating or belonging to an individual, as opposed to the public or the government. 2. (Of a company) not having shares that are freely available on an open market. 3. Confidential; secret.
Private bank
an unincorporated banking institution owned by an individual or partnership and, depending on state statutes, subject to or free from state regulation.
Privateer
n. 1. A vessel owned and operated by private persons, but authorized by a nation on certain conditions to damage the commerce of the enemy by acts of piracy. 2. A sailor on such a vessel.
Privateering
n. Int'l law. The practice of arming privately owned merchant ships for the purpose of attacking enemy trading ships. Before the practice was outlawed, governments commissioned privateers by issuing letters of marque to their merchant fleets. Privateering was prohibited by the Declaration of Paris Concerning Naval Warfare of 1856, which has been observed by nearly all nations since that time. - privateer, ub. private fact See FACT.
Privilegium est quasi privates lex
A privilege is, as it were, a private law.
entry and detainer, and libel on a private person. petty offense
A minor or insignificant crime. "[Me find ... an apparent implication that a 'petty offense' is not a 'crime.' Much could be said for such a position but it is not the law at the present time. In the federal penal code, for example, it is provided that any misdemeanor 'the penalty for which does not exceed imprisonment for a period of six months or a fine of not more than $500, or both, is a petty offense."' Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal Law 22 (3d ed. 1982) (quoting 18 USCA ยง 1(3)). political offense. See POLITICAL OFFENSE.
express private passive trust
A trust in which land is conveyed to or held by one person in trust for another, without any power being expressly or impliedly given to the trustee to take actual possession of the land or exercise any ownership rights over it, except at the beneficiary's direction.
going private
The process of changing a public corporation into a close corporation by terminating the corporation's status with the SEC as a publicly held corporation and by having its outstanding publicly held shares acquired by a single shareholder or a small group.
international private law
See private international law under INTERNATIONAL LAW; CONFLICT OF LAWS.
private agent
an agent acting for an individual in that person's private affairs.
private annuity
See ANNUITY.
private attorney
See ATTORNEY (1).
private bill
See BILL (3).
private bill.
A bill relating to a matter of personal or local interest only. Cf. SPECIAL LAW."A private Bill is a measure for the interest of some person or class of persons, whether an individual, a corporation, or the inhabitants of a county, town, parish, or other locality, and originates on the motion of some member of the [legislature] in which the Bill is introduced." Courtenay P. Ilbert, Legislative Methods and Forms 28 (1901)'
private boundary
See BOUNDARY.
private carrier
A carrier that is not bound to accept business from the general public and is therefore not considered a common carrier. - Also termed contract carrier.
private corporation
A corporation founded by and composed of private individuals principally for a nonpublic purpose, such as manufacturing, banking, and railroad corporations (including charitable and religious corporations).
private delict
A wrong regarded primarily as a matter of compensation between individuals.
private easement
See EASEMENT.
private fact
A fact that has not been made public. ( Whether a fact is private often arises in invasion-of-privacy claims. Cf. public fact.
private foundation
See FOUNDATION.
private international law
International conflict of laws. ( Legal scholars frequently lament the name "private international law" because it misleadingly suggests a body of law somehow parallel to public international law, when in fact it is merely a part of each legal system'F nr;vate l,aw, _._._ .Also termed international private law; jus gentium privatum. See CONFLICT OF LAWS (2)."'International Private law,' 'Internationales Privatrecht,' though a dangerously ambiguous term, is not incapable of being understood to denote the mode in which rules of private law are borrowed by the Courts of one State from those of another." Thomas E. Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence 422 (13th ed. 1924).
private judging
A type of alternative dispute resolution whereby the parties hire a private individual to hear and decide a case. ( This process may occur as a matter of contract between the parties or in connection with a statute authorizing such a process. - Also termed rent-a judging.
private land grant
A land grant to a natural person. See land patent under PATENT (1).
private law
1 The body of law dealing with private persons and their property and relationships. Cf. PUBLIC LAW (1). 2. SPECIAL LAW.
private letter ruling
See LETTER RULING.
private morality
A person's ideals, character, and private conduct, which are not valid governmental concerns if the individual is to be considered sovereign over body and mind and if the need to protect the individual's physical or moral well-being is insufficient to justify governmental intrusion. ( In his essay On Liberty (1859), John Stuart Mill distinguished between conduct or ideals that affect only the individual from conduct that may do harm to others. Mill argued that governmental intrusion is justified only to prevent harm to others, not to influence a person's private morality.
private mortgage insurance
See mortgage insurance under INSURANCE.
private necessity
Torts. A necessity that involves only the defendant's personal interest and thus provides only a limited privilege. ( For example, if the defendant harms the plaintiff's dock by keeping a boat moored to the dock during a hurricane, the defendant can assert private necessity but must compensate the plaintiff for the dock's damage.
private nuisance
See NUISANCE.
private offering
An offering made only to a small group of interested buyers. Also termed private placement.
private person
See PERSON.
private placement
1.The placement of a child for adoption by a parent, lawyer, doctor, orprivate agency, but not by a government agency. - Also termed direct placement. 2. See private offering under OFFERING.
private power
See POWER.
private property
See PROPERTY.
private prosecutor
See PROSECUTOR (2).
private publication
See limited publication under PUBLICATION.
private reprimand
A reprimand that is not published but instead communicated only to the lawyer, or that is published without identifying the lawyer by name.
private right
A personal right, as opposed to a right of the public or the state. Cf. public right.
private sale
See SALE.
private school
A school maintained by private individuals, religious organizations, or corporations, funded, at least in part, by fees or tuition, and open only to pupils selected and admitted based on religious affiliations or other particular qualifications.
private seal
A corporate or individual seal, as distinguished from a public seal.
private search
See SEARCH.
private sector
The part of the economy or an industry that is free from direct governmental control. Cf. PUBLIC SECTOR.
private servitude
A servitude vested in a particular person. ( Examples include a landowner's personal right-of-way over an adjoining piece of land or a right granted to one person to fish in another's lake.
private signature
Civil law. A signature made on a document (such as a will) that has not been witnessed or notarized.
private statute
See special statute under STATUTE.