Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Attorney work product.
see work product
Corn Products doctrine
Tax. The principle that a capital asset should be narrowly defined to exclude inventory-related property that is integrally tied to the day-to-day operations of a business. Corn Products Refining Co. u. C.I.R., 350 U.S. 46, 76 S.Ct. 20 (1955).
Product
Something that is distributed commercially for use or consumption and that is usu. (1) tangible personal property, (2) the result of fabrication or processing, and (3) an item that has passed through a chain of commercial distribution before ultimate use or consumption. See PRODUCTS LIABILITY.
burden of production
1 party's duty to introduce enough evidence on an issue to have the issue decided by the fact-finder, rather than decided against the party in a peremptory ruling such as a summary judgment or a directed verdict. - Also termed burden of going forward with evidence; burden of producing euidenee; production burden; degree of proof.
cessation-of-production clause
Oil & gas. A lease provision that temporarily extends a lease under which production has stopped. * The clause extends the lease for a specified period during which, to keep the lease alive, the lessee must resume operations. "Many oil and gas leases contain provisions intended to give lessees more certainty than is given by the temporary cessation of production doctrine. Usually, such provision takes the form of a temporary cessation of production clause, a provision in the
consumer product
An item of personal property that is distributed in commerce and is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes. 15 USCA § 2301(1).
defective product
A product that is unreasonably dangerous for normal use, as when it is not fit for its intended purpose, inadequate instructions are provided for its use, or it is inherently dangerous in its design or manufacture.
farm products
Crops, livestock, and supplies used or produced in farming or products of crops or livestock in their unmanufactured states, if they are in the possession of a debtor engaged in farming. UCC § 9-109(3). Cf. growing crops under CROPS.
gross national product.
The market value of all goods and services produced in a country within a year, used to measure a country's economic development and wealth. - Abbr. GNP.
net national product
The total value of goods and services produced in a country during a specific period, after deducting capital replacement costs.
own product exclusion
A provision in some commercial general liability policies, excluding coverage for property damage to a product that is manufactured, sold, handled, distributed, or disposed of by the insured.
own-product exclusion
See EXCLUSION (3).
product defect
An imperfection in a product that has a manufacturing defect or design defect, or is faulty because of inadequate instructions or warnings.
product liability
See PRODUCTS LIABILITY.
product market
Antitrust. The part of a relevant market that applies to a firm's particular product by identifying all reasonable substitutes for the product and by determining whether these substitutes limit the firm's ability to affect prices. "For purposes of an antitrust claim under . . . the Sherman Act, the relevant product market includes those services or commodities which are reasonably interchangeable by consumers for the same purposes. In order to establish the relevant product market, therefore, a plaintiff must sufficiently identify what types of products are reasonably interchangeable substitutes for the defendant's product within the appropriate area of competition." 54 Am. Jur. 2d Monopolies, Restraints of Trade, and Unfair Trade Practices § 58, at 121 (1996).
product test
See DURHAM RULE.
product-extension merger
See MERGER.
product-extension merger.
A merger in which the products of the acquired company are complementary to those of the acquiring company and may be produced with similar facilities, marketed through the same channels, and advertised by the same media.
productio sectae
[Latin] See PRODUCTION OF SUIT.
production burden
See BURDEN OF PRODUCTION.
production for commerce
The production of goods that an employer intends for interstate commerce. ( This is one criterion by which an employer may be subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act.
production of suit
Common-law pleading. The plaintiff's burden to produce evidence to confirm the allegations made in the declaration.
products liability
See PRODUCTS LIABILITY.
products-liability action
A lawsuit brought against a manufacturer, seller, or lessor of a product - regardless of the substantive legal theory or theories upon which the lawsuit is brought - for personal injury, death, or property damage caused by the manufacture, construction, design, formulation, installation, preparation, or assembly of a product. - Also termed product-liability action.
products-liability insurance
See INSURANCE.
quality-of-products legislation
See LEMON LAW (2).
reproduction right
A copyright holder's exclusive right to make copies or phonorecords of the protected work. ( Unauthorized copying constitutes infringement.
reproductive rights
A person's rights relating to the control of his or her procreative activities; specif., the cluster of civil liberties relating to pregnancy, abortion, and sterilization, esp. the personal bodily rights of women in their decision whether to become pregnant or bear a child. ( The phrase includes the idea of being able to make reproductive decisions free from discrimination, coercion, or violence. Humanrights scholars increasingly consider reproductive rights to be protected by international human-rights law.
request for production
Procedure. In pretrial discovery, a party's written request that another party provide specified documents or other tangible things for inspection and copying. Fed. R. Civ. P. 34. - Abbr. RFP. - Also termed notice to produce; demand for document inspection.
strict products liability
Products liability arising when the buyer proves that the goods were unreasonably dangerous and that (1) the seller was in the business of selling goods, (2) the goods were defective when they were in the seller's hands, (3) the defect caused the plaintiff's injury, and (4) the product was expected to and did reach the consumer without substantial change in condition.
tied product
See TYING ARRANGEMENT (1).
tying product
See TYING ARRANGEMENT (1J
units-of-production method
Tax. An accounting method in which the depreciation provision is computed at a fixed rate per product unit, based on an estimate of the total number of units that the property will produce during its service life. 0 This method is used in the oiland-gas industry when the total number of units of production (i.e., barrels in a reserve) can be accurately estimated.
work product
Tangible material or its intangible equivalent - in unwritten or oral form that was either prepared by or for a lawyer . prepared for litigation, either planned or progress. ( Work product is generally exen: from discovery or other compelled disclostr The term is also used to describe the product of a party's investigation or communicatication concerning the subject matter of a lawsuit if made (1) to assist in the prosecution or defense of a pending suit, or (2) in reasonable anticipation of litigation. - Also termed attorney work product.
work product privilege
See WORK-PRODUCT RULE. 2. An affirmative defense by which a defendant acknowledges at least part of the conduct complained of but asserts that the defendant's conduct was authorized or sanctioned by law; esp., in tort law, a circumstance justifying or excusing an intentional tort. See JUSTIFICATION (2). Cf. IMMUNITY (2). 3. An evidentiary rule that gives a witness the option to not disclose the fact asked for, even though it might be relevant; the right to prevent disclosure of certain information in court, esp. when the information was originally communicated in a professional or confidential relationship.
work-product privilege
See WORK PRODUCT.
work-product rule.
The rule providing for qualified immunity of an attorney's work product from discovery or other compelled disclosure. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3). 0 The exemption was primarily established to protect an attorney's litigation strategy. Hickman u. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 67 S.Ct. 385 (1947). - Also termed work product immunity; work product privilege; work product exemption.