Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Accessoryship
The status or fact of beinan accessory. - Also termed (loosely) accession.
Articles of apprenticeship
hist. A contract under which a minor agrees to work for a master for a specified time in exchange for learning a trade.
Articles of partnership
see partnership agreement.
Bare ownership
see trust ownership under ownership.
Beneficial ownership
see ownership.
Citizenship
n. 1. The status of being a citizen. 2. The quality of a person's conduct as a member of a community.
Citizenship Clause
The clause of the U.S. Constitution providing that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens of the United States and the state they reside in. U.S. Const. art. XIV, § 1, cl. 1.
Clerkship
1. A type of internship in which a law student or recent law-school graduate assists a lawyer or judge with legal writing, research, and other tasks. 2. Hist. A law student's employment as an attorney's apprentice before gaining admission to the bar.
Copartnership
See PAR rlEKStttll.( The terms copartnership and partnerslup are equally old - each having first appeared in the 1570s
Curatorship
The office of a curator or guardian.
Distributorship
A franchise held by a person or company who sells merchandise, usu. in a specific area to individual customers <a car distributorship>.
FOB shipping
A mercantile term denoting that the seller is required to bear the risk of placing the goods on a carrier.
Judgeship
1. The office or authority of a judge. 2. The period of a judge's incumbency.
Justiceship
1 The office or authority of a justice. 2. The period of a justice's incumbency.
Kinship
Relationship by blood, marriage, or adoption. - Also termed kindred.
Lordship
1.Dominion. 2. An honorary title used for a nobleman other than a duke. 3. A customary title for a judge or some other public official.
Merchant Shipping Acts
English statutes to improve shipping conditions by, among other things, vesting the superintendence of merchant shipping in the board of trade. merchet (mar-chet). See MARCHET.
Midshipman
A naval cadet; a student at the U.S. Naval Academy.
Ownership
The collection of rights allowing one to use and enjoy property, including the right to convey it to others. ( Ownership implies the right to possess a thing, regardless of any actual or constructive control. Ownership rights are general, permanent, and inheritable. Cf. POSSESSION; TITLE (1)."Possession is the de facto exercise of a claim; ownership is the de jure recognition of one. A thing is owned by me when my claim to it is maintained by the will of the state as expressed in the law; it is possessed by me, when my claim to it is maintained by my own self-assertive will. Ownership is the guarantee of the law; possession is the guarantee of the facts. It is well to have both forms if possible; and indeed they normally co-exist." John Salmond, Jurisprudence 311 (Glanville L. Williams ed., 10th ed. 1947).
Partnership
A voluntary association of two or more persons who jointly own and carry on a business for profit. ( Under the Uniform Partnership Act, a partnership is presumed to exist if the persons agree to share proportionally the business's profits or losses. Cf. JOINT VENTURE; STRATEGIC ALLIANCE.
Proprietorship
n. See SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP.
Receivership
1. The state or condition of being in the control of a receiver. 2. The position or function of being a receiver appointed by a court or under a statute. 3. A proceeding in which a court appoints a receiver.
Sessorship,n, asset.
1. An item that is owned and has value. 2.(pl.) The entries on a balance sheet showing the items of property owned, including cash, inventory, equipment, real estate, accounts receivable, and goodwill. 3. (pl.) All the property of a person (esp. A bankrupt or deceased person) available for paying debts.
Ship
ub. To send (goods, documents, etc.) from one place to another, esp. by delivery to a carrier for transportation.
Ship Mortgage Act
A federal law regulating mortgages on ships registered as U.S. vessels by, among other things, providing for enforcement of maritime liens in favor of those who furnish supplies or maintenance to the vessels. 46 USCA §§ 911 et seq.
Shipmaster
See MASTER OF A SHIP.
Shipment
1. The transportation of goods; esp., the delivery of goods to a carrier and subsequent issuance of a bill of lading. 2. The goods so shipped; an order of goods.
Shipper
1. One who ships goods to another. 2. One who tenders goods to a carrier for transportation.
Shipwreck
Maritime law. 1. A ship's wreckage. 2. The injury or destruction of a vessel because of circumstances beyond the owner's control, rendering the vessel incapable of carrying out its mission.
Subpartnership
An arrangement between a firm's partner and a nonpartner to share the partner's profits and losses in the firm's business, but without forming a legal partnership between the partner and the nonpartner.
Subsuretyship
The relation between two (or more) sureties, in which a principal surety bears the burden of the whole performance that is due from both sureties; a relationship in which one surety acts as a surety for another.
Suretyship
1. The legal relation that arises when one party assumes liability for a debt, default, or other failing of a second party. 9 The liability of both parties begins simultaneously. In other words, under a contract of suretyship, a surety becomes a party to the principal obligation. 2. The lending of credit to aid a principal who does not have sufficient credit. 0 The purpose is to guard against loss if the principal debtor were to default. 3. The position or status of a surety.
Survivorship
1. The state or condition of being the one person out of two or more who remains alive after the others die. 2. The right of a surviving party having a joint interest with others in an estate to take the whole. See RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP. survivorship annuity See ANNUITY.
Township
1. In a government survey, a square tract six miles on each side, containing thirtysix square miles of land. 2. In some states, a civil and political subdivision of a county.
Trusteeship
1. The office, status, or function of a trustee. 2. Int'L law. Administration or supervision of a territory by one or more countries, esp. under a U.N. commission. Cf. MANDATE (6).
Tutorship
Civil law. The office and power of a tutor; the power that an individual has, sui juris, to take care of one who cannot care for himself or herself. ( The four types of tutorship are (1) tutorship by nature, (2) tutorship by will, (3) tutorship by the effect of the law, and (4) tutorship by judicial appointment. La. Civ. Code art. 247.
Uniform Partnership Act
A model code promulgated in 1914 to bring uniformity to state laws governing general and limited partnerships. ( The act was adopted by almost all the states, but has been superseded in several of them by the Revised Uniform Partnership Act (1994). - Abbr. UPA.
Vicarship
The office, function, or duty of a vicar. - Also termed vicarage.
Wardship
1. Guardianship of a person, usu. a minor. 2. The condition of being a ward. 3. Hist. The right of the feudal lord to guardianship of a deceased tenant's minor heir until the heir reached the age of majority.
Worship
1. Any form of religious devotion or service showing reverence for a divine being.
aggregate theory of partnership
the theory that a partnership does not have a separate legal existence (as does a corporation), but rather is only the totality of the partners who make it up. cf. entity theory of partnership.
beneficial ownership
A beneficiary's interest in trust property.
bonitarian ownership
Roman law. A type of a uitable ownership recognized by a praetor was conveyed by an informal transfer, or by a formal transfer by one not the true owner.
captain-of-the-ship doctrine
In medical-malpractice law, the doctrine imposing liability on a surgeon for the actions of assistants who are under the surgeon's control but who are employees of the hospital, not the surgeon.
chartered ship
A ship specially hired to transport the goods of only one person or company.
claim of ownership
1. The possession of a piece of property with the intention of claiming it in hostility to the true owner. 2. A party's manifest intention to take over land, regardless of title or right. - Also termed claim of right; claim of title.
collapsible partnership
Tax. A partnership formed by partners who intend to dissolve it before they realize any income. ( Any partner's gain resulting from unrealized receivables or inventory that has increased substantially in value will be treated by the IRS as ordinary income rather than as capital gain. IRC (26 USCA) § 751. Cf. collapsible corporation under CORPORATION.
commercial partnership
. See trading partnership. family partnership. See FAMILY PARTNERSHIP.
companionship services
Assistance provided to someone who needs help with personal matters such as bathing and dressing. ( This type of service (in contrast to housecleaning) is exempt from the Federal Labor Standards Act's minimum-wage and overtime requirements.
confidential relationship
See FIDUCIARY RELA. TIONSHIP.