Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Bishop's Court.
Hist. Eccles. law. A court held in the cathedral of each diocese, the judge being the bishop's chancellor, who applied civil canon law. 0 The jurisdiction included appeals from the Court of Archdeacon. In a large diocese, t 1 bishop's chancellor would have commissaries remote parts who held consistory courts. See CONSISTORY COURT.
Shop
n. A business establishment or place of employment; a factory, office, or other place of business.
Shoplifting
n. Theft of merchandise from a store or business; specif., larceny of goods from a store or other commercial establishment by willfully taking and concealing the merchandise with the intention of converting the goods to one's personal use without paying the purchase price. See LARCENY. - shoplift, ub. "Shoplifting is a form of larceny . . . . As a practical matter, however, the difficulty of proving the wrongful taking and the felonious intent requisites for a conviction under the general larceny statutes, together with the risk of retributory civil action against the shopkeeper consequent to acquittal of an accused shoplifter, have caused shoplifting to be established as a specific statutory crime in many jurisdictions." 50 Am. Jur. 2d Larceny ยง 71, at 79-80 (1995).
Sweatshop
A business where the employees are overworked and underpaid in extreme conditions; esp., in lawyer lingo, a law firm that requires associates to work so hard that they barely (if at all) maintain a family or social life - though the firm may, in return, pay higher salaries.
agency shop
A shop in which a union acts as an agent for the employees, regardless of their union membership.
agency shop.
see shop
bid shopping
A general contractor's effort -after being awarded a contract - to reduce its own costs by finding a subcontractor that will submit a lower bid than that used in calculating the total contract price. 0 If a lower bid is secured, the general contractor will receive a windfall profit because the savings are usu. not passed on to the property owner. The subcontractor whose bid is used in the initial proposal can seek to avoid bid shopping by insisting that it be irrevocably named in the contract as the project's subcontractor.
bishop.
The chief superintendent and highestranking member of the clergy within a diocese. 0 The bishop is subject to the archbishop of a province. "[A] bishop ... has several courts under him, and may visit at pleasure every part of his diocese. His chancellor is appointed to hold his courts for him, and to assist him in matters of ecclesiastical law ...." 1 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 370 (1765).
bishopric
1. DIOCESE. 2. The office of a bishop.
bucket shop
Securities. An establishment that is nominally engaged in stock-exchange transactions or some similar business, but in fact engages in registering bets or wagers, usu. for small amounts, on the rise or fall of the prices of stocks and commodities. ( A bucket shop uses the terms and outward forms of the exchanges, but differs from exchanges because there is no delivery of - and no expectation or intention to deliver or receive - the securities or commodities nominally exchanged.
chop-shop
n. A garage where stolen automobiles are dismantled so that their parts can be sold separately.
closed shop
See SHOP.
closed-shop contract
A labor agreement requiring an employer to hire and retain only union members and to discharge nonunion members.
dram shop
Archaic. A place where alcoholic beverages are sold; a bar or saloon. - Also spelled dram-shop; dramshop. - Also termed grog-shop; drinking shop.
dram-shop act
A statute allowing a plaintiff to recover damages from a commercial seller of alcoholic beverages for the plaintiff's injuries caused by a customer's intoxication. - Also termed civil-liability act. "Largely at the behest of the temperance movement, statutes (called dram shop acts') were enacted in many states which imposed some form of civil liability on those engaged in the business of selling such beverages in favor of third persons injured thereby . . . . At one time, almost half the states had such laws; today,
dram-shop liability
Civil liability of a commercial seller of alcoholic beverages for personal injury caused by an intoxicated customer. 0 Claims based on a similar type of liability have been brought against private citizens for personal injury caused by an intoxicated social guest.
drinking shop.
See DRAM SHOP.
forum-shopping
The practice of choosing the most favorable jurisdiction or court in which a claim might be heard. ( A plaintiff might engage in forum-shopping, for example, by filing suit in a jurisdiction with a reputation for high jury awards or by filing several similar suits and keeping the one with the preferred judge. Cf. JUDGE-SHOPPING.
forum-shopping clause
See FORUM-SELECTION CLAUSE.
grog-shop.
See DRAM SHOP.
head shop
A retail establishment that sells items intended for use with illegal drugs. head-silver. See common fine under FINE (4).
judge-shopping
The practice of filing several lawsuits asserting the same claims - in a court or a district with multiple judges - with the hope of having one of the lawsuits assigned to a favorable judge and to nonsuit or voluntarily dismiss the others. Cf. FORUM-SHOPPING.
no-shop provision
A stipulation prohibiting one or more parties to a commercial contract from pursuing or entering into a more favorable agreement with a third party.
open shop
See SHOP.
open-shop-closed-shop operation
See DOUBLE-BREASTED OPERATION.
panel-shopping.
The practice of choosing the most favorable group of judges to hear an appeal.
preferential shop
A shop in which union members are given preference over nonunion members in employment matters.
shop books
Records of original entry maintained in the usual course of business by a shopkeeper, trader, or other businessperson. -Also termed books of account; account books.
shop committee
A union committee that resolves employee complaints within a union shop. See union shop under SHOP.
shop-book rule. Evidence
An exception to the hearsay rule permitting the admission into evidence of original bookkeeping records if the books' entries were made in the ordinary course of business and the books are introduced by somebody who maintains them.
shop-right doctrine
The principle that an employer is entitled to a nonexclusive free license to use an employee's invention that the employee developed in the course of employment while using the employer's materials. shop steward. See STEWARD (2).
union shop
See SHOP.