Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Bootstrap
ub. 1. To make a success despite sparse resources. 2. To reach an unsupported conclusion.
Contraplacitum
[Latin! Hist. A counterplea.
Entrapment
n. 1. A law-enforcement officer's or government agent's inducement of a person to commit a crime, by means of fraud or undue persuasion, in an attempt to later bring a criminal prosecution against that person. 2. The affirmative defense of having been so induced. ( To establish entrapment (in most states), the defendant must show that he or she would not have committed the crime but for the fraud or undue persuasion. - entrap, ub. "Entrapment, so-called, is a relatively simple and very desirable concept which was unfortunately misnamed, with some resulting confusion. It is socially desirable for criminals to be apprehended and brought to justice. And there is nothing whatever wrong or out of place in setting traps for those bent on crime, provided the traps are not so arranged as likely to result in offenses by persons other than those who are ready to commit them. What the State cannot tolerate is having crime instigated by its offcers who are charged with the duty of enforcing the law .... Obviously 'entrapment' is not the appropriate word to express the idea of official investigation of crime, but it is so firmly entrenched that it seems wiser to accept it with due explanation than attempt to supplant it ...." Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal Law 1161 (3d ed. 1982).
Extraparochial
adj. Out of a parish; not within the bounds or limits of any parish.
Trap
n. 1. A device for capturing animals, such as a pitfall, snare, or machine that shuts suddenly. 2. Any device or contrivance by which one may be caught unawares; stratagem; snare. 3. Torts. An ultrahazardous hidden peril of which the property owner or occupier, but not a licensee, has knowl6dge. ( A trap can exist even if it was not designed or intended to catch or entrap anything.
bootstrap doctrine
Conflict of laws. The doctrine that forecloses collateral attack on the jurisdiction of another state's court that has rendered final judgment. ( The doctrine applies when a court in an earlier case has taken jurisdiction over a person, over status, or over land. It is based on the principle that under res judicata, the parties are bound by the judgment, whether the issue was the court's jurisdiction or something else. The bootstrap doctrine, however, cannot give effectiveness to a judgment by a court that had no subject-matter jurisdiction. For example, parties cannot, by appearing before a state court, "bootstrap" that court into having jurisdiction over a federal matter. "If the court which rendered the judgment has, with the parties before it, expressly passed upon the jurisdictional question in the case, or had opportunity to do so because the parties could have raised the question, that question is res judicata, and is therefore not subject to collateral attack in the state in which the judgment is sued on. This has been called the 'bootstrap doctrine,' the idea being that a court which initially had no jurisdiction can when the issue is litigated lift itself into jurisdiction by its own incorrect but conclusive finding that it does have jurisdiction." Robert A. Leflar, American Conflicts Lain ยง 79, at 159 (3d ed. 1977).
bootstrap sale
1. A sale in which the purchase price is financed by earnings and profits of the thing sold; esp., a leveraged buyout. See BUYOUT. 2. A seller's tax-saving conversion of a business's ordinary income into a capital gain from the sale of corporate stock.
death trap
1. A structure or situation involving an imminent risk of death. 2. A situation that is seemingly safe but actually quite dangerous.
derivative entrapment
Entrapment in which the government uses a private person, acting either as an agent of the government or as an unwitting participant, to induce the subject of the entrapment to commit a crime.
extrapolate
ub. 1. To estimate an unknown value or quantity on the basis of the known range, esp. by statistical methods. 2. To deduce an unknown legal principle from a known case. 3. To speculate about possible results, based on known facts. - extrapolative (-lay-tiv or -la-tiv), extrapolatory (-la-tor-ee), adj. - extrapolator (-lay-tar), n.
extrapolation
n. 1. The process of estimating an unknown value or quantity on the basis of the known range of variables. 2. The process by which a court deduces a legal principle from another case. 3. The process of speculating about possible results, based on known facts.
perjury-trap doctrine
The principle that a perjury indictment against a person must be dismissed if the prosecution secures it by calling that person as a grand jury witness in an effort to obtain evidence for a perjury charge, esp. when the person's testimony does not relate to issues material to the ongoing grandjury investigation.
sentencing entrapment
Entrapment of a defendant who is predisposed to commit a lesser offense but who is unlawfully induced to commit a more serious offense that carries a more severe sentence. - Also termed sentence-factor manipulation.