Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Bench trial
See trial.
Dow Jones Industrial Average.
A stock-market-performance indicator that consists of the price movements in the stocks of 30 leading industrial companies in the United States. -Abbr. DJIA. - Often shortened to Dow. -Also termed Dow Jones Average.
Minitrial
A private, voluntary, and informal form of dispute resolution in which each party's attorney presents an abbreviated version of its case to a neutral third party and to the opponent's representatives, who have settlement authority. ( The third party may render an advisory opinion on the anticipated outcome of litigation. Cf. summary jury trial under TRIAL.
Mistrial
1. A trial that the judge brings to an end, without a determination on the merits, because of a procedural error or serious misconduct occurring during the proceedings. 2. A trial that ends inconclusively because the jury cannot agree on a verdict.
Retrial
n. A new trial of an action that has already been tried. - retry, vb. See TRIAL DE NOVO.
Speedy Trial Act of 1974
A federal statute establishing time limits for carrying out the major events (such as information, indictment, arraignment, and trial commencement) in the prosecution of federal criminal cases. 18 USCA ยงยง 3161-3174.
Trial
A formal judicial examination of evidence and determination of legal claims in an adversary proceeding.
american federation of labor and congress of industrial organizations
a voluntary affiliation of more than 100 labor unions that operate autonomously yet benefit from the affiliation's political activities and its establishment of broad policies for the national labor movement. - abbr. afl-cio.
bench trial
A trial before a judge without a jury. ( The judge decides questions of fact a; well as questions of law. - Also termed trial to the bench; nonjury trial; trial before the court (abbr. TBC);judge trial.
bifurcated trial
A trial that is divided into two stages, such as for guilt and punishment or for liability and damages. - Also termed two-stage trial. Cf. SEVERANCE (2).
bifurcated trial.
See TRIAL,
bill for a new trial.
A bill in equity to enjoin a judgment and to obtain a new trial because of some fact that would render enforcement of the judgment inequitable. The fact must have been either unavailable or unknown to the party at trial due to fraud or accident. Cf. MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL.
competency to stand trial
See COMPETENCY
court for the trial of impeachments
A tribunal empowered to try a government officer or other person brought before it by the process of impeachment. ( The U.S. Senate and the British House of Lords have this authority, as do the upper houses of most state legislatures. -Also termed impeachment court; court of impeachment.
disposition without a trial
The disposal of a criminal case without a trial on the merits, as when a defendant pleads guilty or admits sufficient facts to support a guilty finding without a trial.
examining trial
See PRELIMINARY HEARING
fair and impartial trial
See FAIR TRIAL
fair trial
See FAIR TRIAL.
fructus industriales
[Latin "industrial fruits"] See EMSLEMENTS.
industrial disease
See OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE.
industrial disease.
See OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE.
industrial espionage
One company's spying on another to steal the other company's trade secrets or other proprietary information.
industrial espionage.
See ESPIONAGE.
industrial goods.
See capital goods under GOODS.
industrial life insurance.
Life insurance characterized by (1) a small death benefit (usu. $2,000 or less), (2) premium payments that are due weekly, biweekly, or monthly and that are collected at home by the insurer's representative, and (3) no required medical examination of the insured.
industrial relations.
All dealings and relationships between an employer and its employees, including collective bargaining about issues such as safety and benefits.
industrial union
A union composed of workers in the same industry, such as shipbuilding or automobile manufacturing, regardless of their particular trade or craft. -Also termed vertical union.
industrial union.
See UNION,
industrial-development bond
1 A type of revenue bond in which interest and principal payments are backed by a corporation rather than a municipality. 0 This type of bond usu. finances a private business facility. 2. A taxexempt municipal bond that finances a usu. local industry. - Also termed industrial-revenue bond.
industrial-development bond.
See BOND (3).
industrial-revenue bond.
See industrial-development bond under BOND (3).
joint trial
A trial involving two or more parties; esp., a criminal trial of two or more persons for the same or similar offenses. judge trial. See bench trial.
judge trial
See bench trial under TRIAL
jury trial
A trial in which the factual issues are determined by a jury, not by the judge. -Also termed trial by jury.
law of the trial
A legal theory or court ruling that is not objected to and is used or relied on in a trial <neither party objected to the court's jury instruction, so it became the law of the trial>. Cf. LAW OF THE CASE.
mock trial
See MOCK TRIAL.
motion for a new trial
See MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL.
motion for new trial
A party's post judgment request that the court vacate the judgment and order a new trial for such reasons as factually insufficient evidence, newly discovered evidence, or jury misconduct. ( In many jurisdictions, this motion is required before a party can raise such matters on appeal. - Also termed motion for a new trial.
new trial
A postjudgment retrial or reexamination of some or all of the issues determined in an earlier judgment. ( The trial court may order a new trial, either by motion of a party or on the court's own initiative. Also, an appellate court, in reversing the trial court's judgment, may remand the case to the trial court for a new trial on some or all of the issues on which the reversal is based. Fed. R. Civ. P. 59. See MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL; REMAND.
nonjury trial
See bench trial under TRIAL.
notice of trial
A document issued by a court informing the parties of the date on which the lawsuit is set for trial. a While the court typically provides the notice to all parties, it may instead instruct one party to send the notice to all the others.
one-day, one-trial method
A system of summoning and using jurors whereby a person answers a jury summons and participates in the venire for one day only, unless the person is actually impaneled for a trial, in which event the juror's service lasts for the entire length of the trial. ( This system, which is used in several states, reduces the average term of service and expands the number of individual jurors called.
political trial
See TRIAL,
posttrial discovery
See postjudgment discou ery under DISCOVERY.
posttrial motion
See MOTION,
posttrial motion.
A motion made after judgment is entered, such as a motion for new trial.
pretrial conference
An informal meeting at which opposing attorneys confer, usu. with the judge, to work toward the disposition of the case by discussing matters of evidence and narrowing the issues that will be tried. ( The conference takes place shortly before trial and ordinarily results in a pretrial order. - Often shortened to pretrial. - Also termed pretrial hearing.
pretrial detention
See DETENTION.
pretrial detention.
The holding of a defendant before trial on criminal charges either because the established bail could not be posted or because release was denied. - Also termed temporary detention.
pretrial discovery
See DISCOVERY.