Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Barratry
n. 1. Vexatious incitement to litigation, esp. By soliciting potential legal clients. ( barratry is a crime in most jurisdictions. 2. Maritime lace. Fraudulent or grossly negligent conduct (by a master or crew) that is prejudicial to a shipowner. 3. The buying or selling of ecclesiastical or governmental positions. - barratrous (bar-a-tras), adj.
Barrier to entry .
an economic factor that makes it difficult for a business to enter a market and compete with existing suppliers. "strictly speaking, a barrier to entry is a condition that makes the long-run costs of a new entrant into a market higher than the long-run costs of the existing firms in the market; a good example is a regulatory limitation on entry. The term is also used, more questionably, as a synonym for heavy start-up costs." richard a. Posner, economic analysis of law § 10.8, at 227 (2d ed. 1977).
Country
1 A nation or political state. 2. The territory of such a nation or state.
Coventry Act
An 1803 English statute establishing the death penalty for anyone who, with malice aforethought, did "cut out or disable the tongue, put out an eye, slit the nose, cut off a nose or lip, or cut off or disable any limb or member of any subject; with the intention in so doing to maim or disfigure him." "[At common law,] an injury such as cutting off [a man's] ear or nose did not constitute mayhem ... , because it did not result in permanent disablement, but merely disfigured the victim. This was corrected by an early English statute. It seems that an assault was made upon Sir John Coventry on the street by persons who waylaid him and slit his nose in revenge for obnoxious words uttered by him in Parliament. This emphasized the weakness of the law of mayhem, and the so-called Coventry Act' was passed [in 1803]." Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal law 239-40 (3d ed. 1982)
Entry
n. 1. The act, right, or privilege of entering real property < they were given entry into the stadium>.
Indian country
1. The land within the borders of all Indian reservations, the land occupied by an Indian community (whether or not located within a recognized reservation), and any land held in trust by the United States but beneficially owned by an Indian or tribe. 2. Hist. Any region (esp. during the U.S. westward migration) where a person was likely to encounter Indians.
Overtry
ub. (Of a trial lawyer) to try a lawsuit by expending excessive time, effort, and other resources to explore minutiae, esp. to present more evidence than the fact-trier can assimilate, the result often being that the adversary gains arguing points by disputing the minutiae
Reentry
See REENTRY.2. An item written in a record; a notation <Forney made a false entry in the books on March 3 > .
Tenantry
A body or group of tenants.
Third World country
See DEVELOPING COUN. TRY.
Try
ub. To examine judicially; to examine and resolve (a dispute) by means of a trial.
adjusting entry.
An accounting entry made at the end of an accounting period to record previously unrecognized revenue and expenses, as well as changes in assets and liabilities.
advoutry
[law french] hist. adultery between two married persons. - also spelled advowtry.
ancestry
a line of descent; lineage.
anthropometry
a system of measuring the human body, esp. the size relationships among the different parts. 0 before the advent of fingerprinting, minute measurements of the human body - taken and compared to other persons' measurements -were used to identify criminals and deceased persons. cf. bertillon system.
bill of entry.
Maritime law. A written description of goods filed by an importer with customs officials to obtain permission to unload a ship's goods.
blind entry
An accounting entry that indicates only the debited and credited amounts without any explanation.
book entry
1 A notation made in an accounting journal. 2. The method of reflecting ownership of publicly traded securities whereby a customer of a brokerage firm receives confirmations of transactions and monthly statements, but not stock certificates. See CENTRAL CLEARING SYSTEM. book-entry bond See BOND (3),
book of original entry
A day-to-day record in which a business's transactions are first recorded.
book-entry bond
A bond for which no written certificate is issued to reflect ownership. callable bond. See redeemable bond.
business entry
A writing admissible under the business-records exception. See BUSINESS-RECORDS EXCEPTION.
business-entry rule
See BUSINESS-RECORDS EXCEPTION.
certificate of registry
Maritime law. A document certifying that a ship has been registered as required by law. See REGISTRY (2>.
chantry
n. Hist. Eccles. law. 1. A benefice endowed for the saying of Mass by chantry priests for the soul of the founder or his designees. ( This practice was abolished in England by the Chantry Acts of 1545 and 1547. 2. A chapel or part of a church so endowed. -Also spelled chauntry.
chauntry
n. See CHANTRY.
compound journal entry
A journal entry requiring more than one debit and credit (as when revenue is received partly in cash and partly in security).
conclusion to the country
Archaic. The closing part of a pleading that requests the trial of an issue by a jury. Cf. GOING TO THE COUNTRY.
deposit into the registry of the court
See DEPOSIT IN COURT.
developing country
Int'l law. A country that is not as economically or politically advanced as the main industrial powers. ( They are located mostly in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and South America. - Also termed developing state; underdeveloped country; less-developed country; Third World country."Pertinent terminology has undergone extensive changes in the past 40 years. At the very start, before the category found its way into official texts, economic and political writings referred mainly to poor' or backwardcountries. In the late 1940s, the term 'underdeveloped countries' came into common usage in economic literature and in the jargon of international organizations. It was replaced in the 1950s by the term 'less developed countries,' for which the current 'd
double-entry bookkeeping
See BOOKKEEPING.
entry ad communem legem
[Latin] Hist. 1. Entry at common law. 2. AD COMMUNEM LEGEM.
entry ad terminum qui praeteriit
See AD TERMINUM QUI PRAETERIIT.
entry and detainer, and libel on a private person. petty offense
A minor or insignificant crime. "[Me find ... an apparent implication that a 'petty offense' is not a 'crime.' Much could be said for such a position but it is not the law at the present time. In the federal penal code, for example, it is provided that any misdemeanor 'the penalty for which does not exceed imprisonment for a period of six months or a fine of not more than $500, or both, is a petty offense."' Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal Law 22 (3d ed. 1982) (quoting 18 USCA § 1(3)). political offense. See POLITICAL OFFENSE.
entry for marriage in speech
See causa matrimonii praelocuti under CAUSA (1).
entry in casu consimili
(en-tree in kay-s[y]oo ken-sim-a-10. [Latin] See CASU CONSIMILL
entry of judgment
The ministerial recording of a court's final decision, usu. by noting it in a judgment book or civil docket. Cf. RENDITION of JUDGMENT.
entry on the roll
Hist. 1. A clerk's notation on a parchment roll of the proceedings and issues in a particular case. ( Before parties began submitting written pleadings, they would appear (in person or through counsel) in open court and state their respective contentions orally until they settled on the issue or precise point in dispute. During the progress of these oral statements, an appointed officer of the court would make minutes of the various proceedings on a parchment roll that then became the official record of the suit. Even after the practice of oral pleadings had fallen into disuse, proceedings continued to be entered "on the roll." This practice was abolished early in the 19th century. H.T. 4 Will. 4. 2. A future interest created in a transferor who conveys an estate on condition subsequent.
entry, right of.
See POWER OF TERMINATION.
entry, writ of
See WRIT OF ENTRY.
forcible entry
At common law, the act or an instance of violently and unlawfully taking possession of lands and tenements against the will of those entitled to possession.
forcible entry and detainer
1. The act of violently taking and keeping possession of lands and tenements without legal authority. "To walk across another's land, or to enter his building, without privilege, is a trespass, but this in itself, while a civil wrong, is not a crime. However, if an entry upon real estate is accomplished by violence or intimidation, or if such methods are employed for detention after a peaceable entry, there is a crime according to English law, known as forcible entry and detainer. This was a common-law offense in England, although supplemented by English statutes that are old enough to be common law in this country .... It has sometimes been said that there are two separate offenses - (1) forcible entry and (2) forcible detainer. This may be true under the peculiar wording of some particular statute, but in general it seems to be one offense which may be committed in two different ways." Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal Law 487--88 (3d ed. 1982). 2. A quick and simple legal proceeding for regaining possession of real property from someone who has wrongfully taken, or refused to surrender, possession. - Also termed forcible detainer. See EVICTION; EJECTIMENT.
forestry right
A land interest under which a person has the right to enter the land, establish and maintain a crop of trees, harvest them, and construct works for that purpose.
free entry, egress, and regress
Hist. A person's right to go on land as often as reasonably necessary. ( A tenant could go on land to gather crops still growing after the tenancy expired.
growth industry.
An industry or business segment that demonstrates steadily rising sales and earnings.
illegal entry.
1. Criminal law. The unlawful act of going into a building with the intent to commit a crime. ( In some jurisdictions, illegal entry is a lesser included offense of burglary. 2. Immigration. The unauthorized entrance of an alien into the United States by arriving at the wrong time or place, by evading inspection, or by fraud.
industry-wide liability.
See enterprise liability under LIABILITY.
industry.
1. Diligence in the performance of a task. 2. Systematic labor for some useful purpose; esp., work in manufacturing or production. 3. A particular form or branch of productive labor; an aggregate of enterprises employing similar production and marketing facilities to produce items having markedly similar characteristics.
journal entry
An entry in an accounting journal of equal debits and credits, with occasional explanations of the recorded transactions. 3. The placement of something before the court or on the record. 4. Copyright. The deposit of a title of work with the Register of Copyrights to secure its protection. 5. Immigration. Any entrance of an alien into the United States, whether voluntary or involuntary. 6. Criminal law. The unlawful coming into a building to commit a crime.
lawful entry
1. The entry onto real property by a person not in possession, under a claim or color of right, and without force or fraud. 2. The entry of premises under a search warrant. See EJECTION; EVICTION; search warrant under WARRANT.
less developed country
See DEVELOPING COUNTRY.