Legal Dictionary of Pakistan

Architectural work

copyright. The design of a building, as embodied in any tangible medium of expression, including plans and drawings (which are protected as pictorial or graphic works) or the building itself (which is protected, if built after december 1, 1990, under the berne convention).

Assessment work

mining law. The annual bor (such as improvements) that must be performed on an unpatented mining claim to continue to hold the claim.

Attorney work product.

see work product

Available for work

adj. (of a person) ready, willing, and able to accept temporary or permanent employment when offered.

Back-to-work agreement

a contract between a union and an employer covering the terms under which the employees will return to work after a strike.

Daywork

1 Short-term employment that is intended to last only for a day, or for a few days. 2. Hist. In England, a measure of land being the amount of arable land that can be plowed in a day. - Also termed daywere.

Law Enforcement Information Network

A computerized communications system used in some states to document drivers' license records, automobile registrations, wanted persons' files, etc. - Abbr. LEIN.

Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act

A federal law designed to provide workers'-compensation benefits to persons, other than seamen, who work in maritime occupations, esp. stevedoring and ship service. 33 USCA § 901. - Abbr. LHWCA. "Employees who are engaged in maritime-related activities but who do not qualify as 'seamen' may be classified as 'maritime workers' entitled to the benefits provided by the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act . . . . Persons covered by the act, which has the attributes of the usual workers' compensation law, include (1) employees injured on the Outer Continental Shelf in the course of mineral exploration and production activities, and (2) employees within American territorial waters who fall within the Congressional definition of a 'maritime worker,' and who are injured on 'navigable waters'." Frank L. Maraist, Admiralty in a Nutshell 44 (2d ed. 1988).

Piecework

Work done or paid for by the piece or job.

Teamwork

Work done by a team; esp., work by a team of animals as a substantial part of one's business, such as farming, express carrying, freight hauling, or transporting material. ( In some jurisdictions, animals (such as horses) that work in teams are exempt from execution on a civil judgment.

Work

, n. 1. Physical and mental exertion to attain an end, esp. as controlled by and for the benefit of an employer; labor. '

Worker

One who labors to attain an end; esp., a person employed to do work for another.

Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act

A federal law that requires an employer to provide notice of a plant closing or mass layoff, 60 days before the closing or layoff, to the employees, the state-dislocated-workers unit, and the chief elected official of the unit of local government where the plant closing or layoff is to occur. 29 USCA §§ 2101-2109. -Abbr. WARN.

Workfare

A system of requiring a person receiving a public-welfare benefit to earn that benefit by performing a job provided by a government agency.

Workhouse

A jail for criminals who have committed minor offenses and are serving short sentences.

able to work

Labor law. (Of a worker) released from medical care and capable of employment; esp., not qualified to receive unemployment benefits on grounds of illness or injury.

accepted-work doctrine

See ACCEPTANCE DOCTRINE.

additional work

1. Work that results from a change or alteration in plans concerning the work required, usu. under a construction contract; added work necessary to meet the performance goals under a contract. 2. See extra work.

additional work.

See WORK.

and workers'-compensation claims arising out of commerce on or over water. - Also termed (in senses 2 & 3) admiralty law. - admiralty, adj.

collective work

Copyright. 1. A publication (such as a periodical issue, anthology, or encyclopedia) in which several contributions, constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a copyrightable whole. 2. A selection and arrangement of brief portions of different movies, television shows, or radio shows into a single copyrightable work. ( If the selecting and arranging involves any originality, the person who selects and arranges the clips may claim a copyright even if copyright cannot be claimed in the individual component parts. Cf. COMPILATION (1)

composite work

Copyright. An original publication that relates to a variety of subjects and that includes discrete selections from many authors. ( Although the distinguishable parts are separately protectable, the owner of the work - not the author - owns the renewal term, if any. 17 USCA § 304(a).

derivative work. Copyright

A copyrightable creation that is based on a preexisting product, such as a translation, musical arrangement, fictionalization, motion-picture version, abridgment, or any other recast or adapted form, and that only the holder of the copyright on the original form can produce or give permission to another to produce. Cf. COMPILATION (1)."[W]hile a compilation consists merely of the selection and arrangement of pre-existing material without any internal changes in such material, a derivative work involves recasting or transformation, i.e., changes in the pre-existing material, whether or "[W]hile a compilation consists merely of the selection and arrangement of pre-existing material without any internal changes in such material, a derivative work involves recasting or transformation, i.e., changes in the pre-existing material, whether or

ex works

From the factory. ( This trade term defines the obligations of a buyer and a seller of goods with respect to delivery, payment, and risk of loss. - Abbr. EXW. ex-works price See ex-works price under PRICE.

ex-works price

The price of goods as they leave the factory. See Ex woFxs.

extra work

In construction law, work not required under the contract; something done or furnished in addition to the contract's requirements; work entirely outside and independent of the contract and not contemplated by it. ( A contractor is usu. entitled to charge for extra work consisting of labor and materials not contemplated by or subsumed within the original contract, at least to the extent that the property owner agrees to a change order. Materials and labor not contemplated by the contract, but that are required by later changes in the plans and specifications, are considered to be extra work. - Also termed additional work.

good and workmanlike.

characterized by quality craftsmanship; constructed or performed in a skillful way or method <the house was built in a good and workmanlike manner>.

heavy work

Work that involves frequent lifting and carrying of large items. ( Under the Social Security Administration regulations for describing a worker's physical limitations, heavy work involves lifting no more than 100 pounds, with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing up to 50 pounds. 20 CFR § 404.1567(d).

heavy work.

See WORK.

light work

Work that involves some limited lifting and moving. ( Under the Social Security Administration regulations for describing a worker's physical limitations, light work includes walking, standing, sitting while pushing or pulling arm or leg controls, and lifting no more than 20 pounds, with frequent lifting or carrying of objects that weigh up to 10 pounds. 20 CFR § 404.1567(b).

literary work

A work, other than an audiovisual work, that is expressed in words, numbers, or other symbols, regardless of the medium that embodies it. 17 USCA § 101. "Copyright protection extends to literary works which are defined as works, other than audiovisual works, expressed in words, numbers, or other verbal or numerical symbols or indicia, regardless of the nature of the material objects, such as books, periodicals, manuscripts, phonorecords, film, tapes, disks, or cards in which they are embodied. The term 'literary work' does not connote any criterion of literary merit or qualitative value and includes catalogs and directories; similar factual, reference or instructional works; compilations of data; computer data bases, and computer programs." 18 Am. Jur. 2d Copyright and Literary Property § 25, at 360 (1985).

local-exchange network

Telecommunications law. A system for providing telephone service on a local basis. ( A local-exchange network usu. consists of such elements as switches, local loops, and transport trunks, and capabilities such as billing databases and operator services. Switches are pieces of equipment that direct calls to the appropriate destination. Local loops are the wires that connect telephones to the switches. Transport trunks are the wires that carry calls from switch to switch. All the elements of a local-exchange network are often referred to as a bundle, and there are federal requirements that a local-exchange carrier who controls a local-exchange network permit competition by selling some access, including unbundled access, to its local-exchange network. 47 USCA § 251(c). See LOCAL-EXCHANGE CARRIER; UNBUNDLING RULES.

medium work

Work that involves some frequent lifting and moving. 0 Under the Social Security Administration regulations for describing a worker's physical limitations, medium work includes lifting up to 50 pounds, with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing up to 25 pounds. 20 CFR § 404.1567(c).

migrant worker

Int'Z law. A person who works seasonally as an agricultural laborer in a foreign country.

network element

Telecommunications. A facility or piece of equipment used to provide telecommunications service, as by a local-exchange network, and each feature, function, or capability of the service. 47 USCA § 153(29).

new works

Civil law. A structure newly commenced on a particular estate. * A denunciation of new works is a remedy allowed for an adjacent landowner whose property will be injured if the structure is completed.

own-work exclusion

A provision in some commercial general liability policies, excluding coverage for damage to the work or services performed by the insured.

posthumous work

Copyright. The product of an author who died before publication.

public works

Structures (such as roads or dams) built by the government for public use and paid for by public funds.

right-to-work law

A state law that prevents labor-management agreements requiring a person to join a union as a condition of employment. See SHOP.

safe workplace

A place of employment in which all dangers that should reasonably be removed have been removed; a place of employment that is reasonably safe given the nature of the work performed. See OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION.

sedentary work

Work that involves light lifting and only occasional walking or standing. ( Under the Social Security Administration regulations for describing a worker's physical limitations, sedentary work involves lifting of no more than ten pounds, occasionally carrying small items such as docket files and small tools, and occasional standing or walking. 20 CFR § 404.1567(a).

semi-skilled work

Work that may require some alertness and close attention, such as inspecting items or machinery for irregularities, or guarding property or people against loss or injury. 20 CFR § 404.1568(b). - Also written semiskilled work.

skilled work

See WORK.

unskilled work

See WORK.

very heavy work

Work that involves frequent lifting of very large objects and frequent carrying of large objects. ( Under the Social Security Administration regulations for describing a worker's physical limitations, very heavy work involves lifting 100 pounds or more, and frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing 50 pounds or more. 20 CFR § 404.1567(e). 2. Copyright. An original expression, in fixed or tangible form (such as paper, audiotape, or computer disk), that may be entitled to common-law or statutory copyright protection. ( A work may take many different forms, including art, sculpture, literature, music, crafts, software, and photography.

week-work. Hist

In feudal times, the obligation of a tenant to work two to four days in every week for his lord during the greater part of the year, and four or five during the summer months. See VILLEIN SERVICE.

work and labor

Hist. A common count in an action of assumpsit for the work and labor performed and materials furnished by the plaintiff. See ASSUMPSIT.

work for hire

Copyright. A copyrightable work produced either by an employee within the scope of employment or by an independent contractor under a written agreement; esp., a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as (1) a contribution to a collective work, (2) a translation, (3) a supplementary work, (4) a part of a movie or other audiovisual work, (5) a compilation, (6) an instructional text, (7) a test, ' r ) answer material for a test, or (9) an atlas. ( If the work is produced by an independent contractor, the parties must agree expressly in writing that the work will be a work for hire. The employer or commissioning party owns the copyright. - Also termed work made for hire.

work furlough

A prison-treatment program allowing an inmate to be released during the day to work in the community. See WORK-RELEASE PROGRAM.