Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
abstraction
The mental process of considering something without reference to a concrete instance <jurisprudence is largely the abstraction of many legal particulars >. 2. A theoretical idea not applied to any particular instance <utopia in any form is an abstraction>. 3. The summarizing and recording of a legal instrument in public records <abstraction of the judgment in Tarrant County>. 4. The act of taking with the intent to injure or defraud <the abstraction of funds was made possible by the forged signature on the check>. - abstract (ab-strakt), ub.
abstraction-filtration-comparison test
Copyright. A judicially created test for determining whether substantial similarity exists between the nonliteral elements of two or more computer programs. 0 Under this test, a program is first dissected according to its varying levels of generality ("abstractions test"). Then each level of abstraction is examined to filter out program elements that are unprotectable, such as ideas, processes, facts, public-domain information, merger material, scenes a faire, and other unprotectable elements ("filtration test"). Finally, the remaining protectable elements are compared with the allegedly infringing program to determine whether substantial elements of the plaintiffs program have been misappropriated ("comparison test").
abstractions test
Copyright. A means of comparing copyrighted material with material that is claimed to infringe on the copyright, by examining whether the actual substance has been copied or whether the two works merely share the same abstract ideas. 0 The primary authority for the abstractions test is Judge Learned Hand's opinion in Nichols u. Universal Pictures Corp., 45 F.2d 119 (2d Cir. 1930). abstract of a fine. See NOTE OF A FINE.