Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Authorized capital
see nominal capital under capital.
Authorized capital stock
see capital stock (1) under stock.
Capital
n. 1. Money or assets invested, or available for investment, in a business. 2. The total assets of a business, esp. those that help generate profits. 3. The total amount or value of a corporation's stock; corporate equity. See capital stock under STOCK.
Capital asset
1. A long-term asset used in the operation of a business or used to produce goods or services, such as equipment, land, or an industrial plant. - also termed fixed asset. 2. For income-tax purposes, any of most assets held by a taxpayer except those assets specifically excluded by the internal revenue code. ( excluded from the definition are, among other things, stock in trade, inventory, and property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of trade or business.
Capitalis
n. [Latin "chief"] Hist. A principal (or chief) person, object, or judicial proceeding.
Capitalism
n. An economic system that depends on the private ownership of the means of production and on competitive forces to determine what is produced. - capitalist, adj. & n.
Capitalization
n. 1. The act or process of capitalizing or converting something into capital. 2. The amount or sum resulting from this act or process. 3. The total amount of long-term financing used by a business, including stocks, bonds, retained earnings, and other funds. 4. The total par value or stated value of the authorized or outstanding stock of a corporation.
Capitalize
ub. 1. To convert (earnings) into capital. 2. To treat (a cost) as a capital expenditure rather than an ordinary and necessary expense. 3. To determine the present value of (long-term income). 4. To supply capital for (a business).
Capitation
See poll tax under TAX.
Dominus capitalis loco haeredis habetur, quoties per defectum vel delictum extinguitur sanguis sui tenentis
The supreme lord takes the place of the heir, as often as the blood of the tenant is extinct through deficiency or crime.
Excusat aut extenuat delictum in capitalibus, quod non operatur idem in civilibus
That excuses or extenuates a wrong in capital causes which does not have the same effect in civil suits.
Felonia, ex vi termini, significat quodlibet capitale crimen felleo animo perpetratum
Fc lony, by force of the term, signifies any capital crime perpetrated with a malicious intent.
Necessitas excusat aut extenuat delictum in capitalibus, quod non operatur idem in civilibus
Necessity excuses or extenuates delinquency in capital cases, but does not have the same effect in civil cases.
Noncapital
adj. (Of a crime) not involving or deserving of the death penalty <noncapital murder>.
Undercapitalization
The financial condition of a firm that does not have enough capital to carry on its business.
actual capital
Funds generated by the sale of stock. See authorized stock under STOCK. authorized capital See nominal capital See nominal capital
actual capital.
See CAPITAL.
borrowed capital
Funds lent to a corporation or other entity to finance its operations, such as cash dividends that are declared by a corporation but temporarily retained (with stockholder approval) to provide operating funds.
capita
See PER CAPITA
capital
See SEED MONEY.
capital account
See ACCOUNT
capital asset
See ASSET.
capital contribution
1. Cash, property, or services contributed by partners to a partnership. 2. Funds made available by a shareholder, usu. without an increase in stock holdings.
capital crime
See capital offense under OFFENSE.
capital expenditure
An outlay of funds to acquire or improve a fixed asset. - Also termed capital improvement; capital outlay.
capital expense
See EXPENSE.
capital expense.
An expense made by a business to provide a long-term benefit; a capital expenditure. ( A capital expense is not deductible, but it can be used for depreciation or amortization.
capital flight
The sending of large amounts of investment money out of a country, usu. as a result of panic caused by political turmoil or a severe recession.
capital gain
See CAPITAL GAIN.
capital gains
See CAPITAL GAIN.
capital goods
See GOODS.
capital goods. Goods
used for the production of other goods or services. - Also termed industrial goods.
capital impairment
The financial condition of a corporation whose assets are less than the sum of its legal capital and its liabilities.
capital improvement
See CAPITAL EXPENDITURE.
capital lease
See LEASE-PURCHASE AGREEMENT.
capital leverage
The use of borrowed funds in a business to obtain a return greater than the interest rate. See LEVERAGE.
capital loss
The loss realized upon selling or exchanging a capital asset. Cf. CAPITAL GAIN.
capital market
A securities market in which stocks and bonds with long-term maturities are traded.
capital offense
See OFFENSE (1)
capital outlay
1. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE. 2. Money expended in acquiring, equipping, and promoting a business.
capital punishment
See DEATH PENALTY (1).
capital ratio
See CAPITALIZATION RATIO.
capital recovery
The collection of charged-off bad debt that has been previously written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts.
capital return
Tax. Revenue that represents the repayment of cost or capital and thus is not taxable as income.
capital stock
1 The total number of shares of stock that a corporation may issue under its charter or articles of incorporation, including both common stock and preferred stock. A corporation may increase the amount of capital stock if the owners of a majority of the outstanding shares consent. - Also termed authorized stock; authorized eapital stock; authorized stock issue; authorized shares. 2. The total par value or stated value of this stock; CAPITALIZATION (4). 3. See common stock.
capital structure
The mix of debt and equity by which a business finances its operations; the relative proportions of short-term debt, long term debt, and capital stock. capital surplus See under SURPLUS.
capital surplus
1. All surplus (such as paid-in surplus or donated surplus) not arising from the accumulation of profits; a company's surplus other than earned surplus, usu. created by financial reorganization or gifts. 2. See paid-in surplus.
capital transaction
A purchase, sale, or exchange of a capital asset.
capital-gain distribution
See capital-gain dividend under DIVIDEND.
capital-gain dividend
A taxable payment to a mutual-fund shareholder. o The payment is the shareholder's proportional share of the net capital gains realized by securities sales from the mutual fund's portfolio. - Also termed capital-gain distribution.