Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Annus est mora motus quo suum planeta pervolvat circulum.
A year is the duration of the motion by which a planet revolves through its orbit.
General Counsel's Memorandum
Tax law. 1. A written discussion, issued by the office of the Chief Counsel of the IRS, on the merits of a legal issue involving tax law. 2. A written explanation, issued by the office of the Chief Counsel of the IRS, explaining the IRS's positions in revenue rulings and technical advice memorandums. general count. See COUNT.
Lex reprobat moram
The law disapproves of delay.
Memorandum
1 An informal written note or record outlining the terms of a transaction or contract <the memorandum indicated the developer's intent to buy the property at its appraised value>. ( To satisfy the statute of frauds, a memorandum can be written in any form, but it must (1) identify the parties to the contract, (2) indicate the contract's subject matter, (3) contain the contract's essential terms, and (4) contain the signature of the party against whom enforcement is sought. -Also termed memorial; note. See STATUTE OF FRAUDS. 2. An informal written communication used esp. in offices <the firm sent a memorandum reminding all lawyers to turn in their timesheets>. - Often shortened to memo. 3. A party's written statement of its legal arguments presented to the court, usu. in the form of a brief <memorandum of law>. Pl. memoranda, memorandums.
Mora reprobatur in lege
Delay is disapproved of in law.
Technical Advice Memorandum
A publication issued by the national office of the IRS, usu. at a taxpayer's request, to explain some complex or novel tax-law issue. - Abbr. TAM.
animus morandi
.[latin "will to tarry"] the intention to remain. ( although animus morendi is broadly synonymous with animus manendi, morendi suggests less permanency.
commorancy
1. A temhmrary residency. 2. English law. Permanent residency in a certain place.
commorant
1. A person who dwells in a place temporarily. 2. English law. A person who resides permanently in a certain place.
credit memorandum
A document issued by a seller to a buyer confirming that the seller has credited (i.e., reduced) the buyer's account because of an error, return, or allowance.
droit moral
[French] The doctrine of moral right, which entitles artists to prevent others from altering their works. ( The basic rights protected by this doctrine are (1), the right to create, (2) the right to disclose or publish, (3) the right to withdraw from publication, (4) the right to be identified with the: work, and (5) the right to ensure the integrity of the work, including the right to object to any mutilation or distortion of the work. These .rights are sometimes called moral right. See MORAL RIGHT.
eundo, morando, et redeundo
[Latin] Hist. Going, remaining, and returning. ( This phrase was once used to describe a person (for example, a witness or legislator) who is privileged from arrest while traveling to the place where assigned duties are to be performed, while remaining there, and while returning.
ex mora
[Latin] Civil law. From or in consequence of delay. ( Interest is allowed ex mores - that is, if there has been delay in repaying borrowed money.
good moral character
n. 1. A pattern of behavior that is consistent with the community's current ethical standards and that shows an absence of deceit or morally reprehensible conduct. ( An alien seeking to be naturalized must show good moral character in the five years preceding the petition for naturalization. 2. A pattern of behavior conforming to a profession's ethical standards and showing an absence of moral turpitude. Good moral character is usu. a requirement of persons applying to practice a profession such as law or medicine.
immoral consideration
A consideration that so offends societal norms as to be invalid. ( A contract supported by immoral consideration is usu. voidable or unenforceable.
immoral contract
A contract that so flagrantly violates societal norms as to be unenforceable.
impairing the morals of a minor
The offense of an adult's engaging in sex-related acts, short of intercourse, with a minor. ( Examples of this conduct are fondling, taking obscene photographs, and showing pornographic materials. Cf. CONTRIBUTING TO THE DELINQUENCY OF A MINOR.
in mora
adv. & adj. [Latin] Roman law. In delay; in default. ( This was said of a debtor who delayed performance or failed to perform.
legal moralism
The theory that a government or legal system may prohibit conduct that is considered immoral.
memorandum articles
Marine insurance. Goods described in the memorandum clause. See MEMORANDUM CLAUSE.
memorandum check
A check that a bor rower gives to a lender for the amount of short-term loan, with the understanding that it is not to be presented for payment but will be redeemed by the borrower when the loan falls due.
memorandum clause
A marine-insurance clause protecting underwriters from liability for injury to goods that are particularly perishable, or for minor damages.
memorandum decision
See memorandum opinion under OPINION (1).
memorandum in error
A document alleging a factual error, usu. accompanied by an affidavit of proof.
memorandum of alteration
English law. A patentee's disclaimer of certain rights - such as rights to part of an invention that is not new and useful - to avoid losing the whole patent. ( Under former law, if a patent was granted to two inventions, one of which was not new and useful, the entire patent would be defective.
memorandum of association
English law. A legal document setting up a corporation - either with or without limited liability - and including the company's name, purpose, and duration. See ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION.
memorandum of intent
See LETTER OF INTENT.
memorandum of understanding
See LETTER OF INTENT.
memorandum opinion
See OPINION (1).
memorandum opinion.
A unanimous opinion stating the decision of the court; an opinion that briefly reports the court's conclusion, usu. without elaboration because the decision follows a well-established legal principle or does not relate to any point of law. - Also termed memorandum decision.
memorandum sale
See SALE.
mora
n. [Law Latin] Hist. A moor; unprofitable ground.
moral absolutism
The view that a person's action can always properly be seen as right or wrong, regardless of the situation or the consequences. - Also termed ethical absolutism; objective ethics. Cf. MORAL RELATIVISM.
moral certainty
Absolute certainty. ( Moral certainty is not required to sustain a criminal conviction. See REASONABLE DOUBT.
moral consideration
See good consideration.
moral depravity
See MORAL TURPITUDE.
moral duress
An unlawful coercion to perform by unduly influencing or taking advantage of the weak financial position of another. 0 Moral duress focuses on the inequities of a situation while economic duress focuses on the lack of will or capacity of the person duressed.
moral duty
See DUTY (1)
moral evidence
See EVIDENCE,
moral fraud
See actual fraud.
moral hazard
1. The risk that an insured will destroy property or allow it to be destroyed (usu. by burning) in order to collect the insurance proceeds. 2. The insured's potential interest, if any, in the burning of the property.3. Hist. An unlawful dice game in which the chances of winning are complicated by arbitrary rules.
moral law
A collection of principles defining right and wrong conduct; a standard to which an action must conform to be right or virtuous."It quite often happens that the moral law disapproves of something which the secular permits as a concession to human frailty." Patrick Devlin, The Enforcement of Morals 78 (1968).
moral necessity
See NECESSITY.
moral necessity.
A necessity arising from a duty incumbent on a person to act in a particular way.
moral obligation
A duty that is based only on one's conscience and that is not legally enforceable. a In contract law, moral obligation may support a promise in the absence of traditional consideration, but only if the promisor has previously received some actual benefit from the promisee.
moral person
See artificial person.
moral relativism
The view that there are no absolute or constant standards of right and wrong. - Also termed ethical relativism; subjective ethics. Cf. MORAL ABSOLUTISM.
moral right
(usu. pl.) Copyright. A right protecting a visual artist's work beyond the ordinary protections of copyright. 0 Moral rights include both integrity rights, which protect the work from changes that damage the artist's or the work's reputation, and attribution rights, which allow the artist to claim authorship of the work and to prevent the unlawful use of the author's name in reference to a modified version of the work. Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 (17 USCA §§ 106A, 113).
moral suasion
The act or effort of persuading by appeal to principles of morality.
moral turpitude
1. Conduct that is contrary to justice, honesty, or morality. ( In the area of legal ethics, offenses involving moral turpitude - such as fraud or breach of trust -traditionally make a person unfit to practice law. - Also termed moral depravity. 2. Military law. Any conduct for which the applicable punishment is a dishonorable discharge or confinement not less than one year. "Moral turpitude means, in general, shameful wickedness - so extreme a departure from ordinary standards of honest, good morals, justice, or ethics as to be shocking to the moral sense of the community. It has also been defined as an act of baseness, vileness, or depravity in the private and social duties which one person owes to another, or to society in general, contrary to the accepted and customary rule of right and duty between people." 50 Am. Jur. 2d Libel and Slander § 165, at 454 (1995).