Legal Dictionary of Pakistan
Quick lookup for English, Urdu, and Latin legal terms used in Pakistani jurisprudence.
Bait advertising
see bait and switch.
Commercium jure gentium commune esse debet et non in monopolium et privatum paucorum quaestum convertendum
Commerce, by the law of nations, ought to be common and not converted into a monopoly and the private gain of a few.
Controvert
ub. To dispute or contest; esp., to deny (as an allegation in a pleading) or oppose in argument <the allegations in Peck's pleadings were never adequately controverted>.
Divortium dicitur a divertendo, quia vir divertitur ab uxore
Divorce is so called from divertendo, because a man is diverted from his wife.
Inadvertence
n. An accidental oversight; a result of carelessness.
Merito beneficium legis amittit qui legem ipsam subvertere intendit
A person deservedly loses the protection of the law who attempts to overturn the law itself.
Omnis definitio injure civili periculosa est, parum est enim ut non subverti posit
Every definition in the civil law is dangerous, for there is very little that cannot be overthrown.
Overt
adj. Open and observable; not concealed or secret <the conspirators' overt acts>.
Overtime
1. The hours worked by an employee in excess of a standard day or week. 0 Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, employers must pay extra wages (usu. 1'fz times the regular hourly rate) to certain employees (usu. nonsalaried ones) for each hour worked in excess of 40 hours per week. 2. The extra wages paid fox excess hours worked.
Overtry
ub. (Of a trial lawyer) to try a lawsuit by expending excessive time, effort, and other resources to explore minutiae, esp. to present more evidence than the fact-trier can assimilate, the result often being that the adversary gains arguing points by disputing the minutiae
Overturn
ub. To overrule or reverse <the court overturned a long-established precedent>.
Poverty
1 The condition of being indigent; the scarcity of the means of subsistence <war on poverty>. 2. Dearth of something desirable <a poverty of ideas>.
Qui evertit causam evertit causatum futu. Rum
One who overthrows the cause overthrows its future effects.
Qui facit id quod plus est, facit id quod minus est, sed non convertitur
A person who does that which is more does that which is less, but not vice versa.
Qui rationem in omnibus quaerunt rationem subvertunt
They who seek a reason for everything subvert reason.
Reverter
See POSSIBILITY OF REVERTER.
advertent negligence
Negligence in which the actor is aware of the unreasonable risk that he or she is creating; RECKLESSNESS. -Also termed willful negligence.
advertising
the action of drawing the public's attention to something to promote its sale. 2. the business of producing and circulating advertisements. comparative advertising. advertising that specifically compares the advertised brand with another brand of the same product.
advertising substantiation
A doctrine of the federal trade commission making it an unfair and deceptive act to put out an advertisement unless the advertiser first has a reasonable basis for believing that each claim in the advertisement is true.
animus revertendi
the intention to return (to a place).
comparative advertising
See ADVERTISING.
competitive advertising
advertising that contains little information about the advertised product, and that is used only to help a producer maintain a share of the market for that product.
convertible arbitrage
See kind arbitrage under ARBITRAGE.
convertible bond
A bond that can be exchanged for stock shares in the corporation that issued the bond.
convertible collision insurance
Collision insurance that carries a low premium until a claim is made against the policy.
convertible debenture
A debenture that the holder may change or convert into some other security, such as stock.
convertible debt
See DEBT.
convertible insurance
Insurance that can be changed to another form without further evidence of insurability, usu. referring to a term-life-insurance policy that can be changed to permanent insurance without a medical examination.
convertible security
A security (usu. a bond or preferred stock) that may be exchanged by the owner for another security, esp. common stock from the same company, and usu. at a fixed price on a specified date. - Also termed (specif.) convertible debt; convertible stock.
convertible stock
See convertible security under SECURITY.
convertible subordinated debenture
A debenture that is subordinate to another debt but can be converted into a different security.
corrective advertising
Advertising that informs consumers that earlier advertisements contained a deceptive claim, and that provides consumers with corrected information. ( This type of advertising may be ordered by the Federal Trade Commission.
covert baron
[Law French] Hist. The condition or status of a married woman at common law. - Also written cover-baron. - Also termed covert de baron. "By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law: that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband: under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs every thing; and is therefore called in our law-french a (eme-covert; is said to be covert-baron, or under the protection and influence of her husband, her baron, or lord; and her condition during her marriage is called her couerture." 1 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 430 (1765).
coverture
n. Archaic. The condition of being a married woman <under former law, a woman under coverture was allowed to sue only through the personality of her husband>. - covert (kav-art), adj. "Coverture, is a french word signifying any thing that covereth, as apparell, a coverlet .... It is particularly applied in our common laws, to the estate and condition of a marled woman, who by the lawes of our realme, is in (potestate uiri) and therefore disabled to contract with any, to the preiudice of her selfe or her husband, without his consent and privity; or at the least, without his allowance and confirmation." John Cowell, The Interpreter (1607). "Couerture is by law applied to the state and condition of a married woman, who is sub potestati uiri, (under the power of her husband) and therefore unable to contract with any to the damage of herself or husband, without his consent and privity, or his allowance and confirmation thereof. When a woman is married she is called a Femme couuert, and whatever is done concerning her during marriage is said to be done during coverture."
deceptive advertising
Advertising containing false or misleading statements <a fictitious testimonial about a product or service may constitute deceptive advertising>. deceptive practice See DECEPTIVE ACT
discovert
adj. 1. Archaic. Uncovered; exposed. 2. Not married, esp. a widow or a woman who has never married.
doctrine of incontrovertible physical facts
See PHYSICAL-FACTS RULE.
false advertising
n. The tortious and sometimes criminal act of distributing an advertisement that is untrue, deceptive, or misleading. - Also termed deceptive advertising.
feme covert
[Law French] Archaic. A married woman. See COVERTURE.
formedon in the reverter
A writ of formedon brought by a reversioner or donor of the grant or gift in tail to recover possession of the land.
inadvertent discovery
Criminal procedure. A law-enforcement officer's unexpected finding of incriminating evidence in plain view. ( Even though this type of evidence is obtained without a warrant, it can be used against the accused under the plain-view exception to the warrant requirement.
inadvertent negligence
Negligence in which the actor is not aware of the unreasonable risk that he or she is creating, but should have foreseen and avoided it. - Also termed simple negligence.
incontrovertible-physical-facts doctrine
See PHYSICAL-FACTS RULE.
informative advertising
advertising that gives information about the suitability and quality of a product.
informative advertising.
See ADVERTISING.
inverted market
See BACKWARDATION.
market overt
An open, legally regulated public market where buyers, with some exceptions, acquire good title to products regardless of any defects in the seller's title. Cf. FAIR.
overt act
Criminal law. 1. An act that indicates an intent to kill or seriously harm another person and thus gives that person a justification to use self-defense. 2. An outward act, however innocent in itself, done in furtherance of a conspiracy, treason, or criminal attempt. ( An overt act is usu. a required element of these crimes. 3. See ACTUS REDS. - Also termed positive act.
possibility of reverter
A future interest retained by a grantor after conveying a fee simple determinable, so that the grantee's estate terminates automatically and reverts to the grantor if the terminating event ever occurs. 0 In this type of interest, the grantor transfers an estate whose maximum potential duration equals that of the grantor's own estate and attaches a special limitation that operates in the grantor's favor. - Often shortened to reverter. See fee simple determinable under FEE SIMPLE. Cf. POWER OF TERMINATION. "Most treatise-writers define the possibility of reverter as the interest a transferor keeps when he transfers a fee simple determinable or a fee simple conditional. See, e.g., 1 American Law of Property § 4.12; Simes & Smith § 281. Although this definition is all right as far as it goes, it fails to provide for interests less than the fee simple that are granted on special limitation .... Although we call the possibility of reverter an 'estate,' the courts of an earlier era would probably have called it a 'possibility of becoming an estate.' " Thomas F. Bergin & Paul G. Haskell, Preface to Estates in Land and Future Interests 58 n.5 (2d ed. 1984).
poverty affidavit
an affidavit made by an indigent person seeking public assistance, appointment of counsel, waiver of court fees, or other free public services. 28 usca § 1915. -also termed pauper's affidavit; in forma pauperis affidavit; ifp affidavit.