1997 PLP 1130 (MLD)

Section 340 (1), Cr.P.C. provides that:‑‑

"Any person accused of an offence before a Criminal Court, or against whom proceedings are instituted under this Code in any such Court, may of right be defended by a pleader. " The High Court Rules and Orders, Volume III, Chapter 24, Rule 2 provides that:‑‑ "If the accused is unrepresented and cannot afford to engage counsel, the Sessions Judge shall make arrangements to employ counsel at Government expense, and he may also appoint counsel, if he thinks fit, even when the Committing Magistrate has considered that the accused has means enough to engage counsel himself. Counsel in such cases should be appointed in time to enable him to study necessary documents which should be supplied free of cost ...."

5. In Miranda v. Orizona 384 U.S. 436 (1966) the Miranda Rule was formulated as follows:‑‑ (i) If a person is to be subjected to interrogation, the officers must inform him in unequivocal terms that he has a right to remain silent. (ii) There must be a warning that anything that the suspect says, can and will be used against him in a Court of law. (iii) The suspect has a right of counsel even during the investigation. (iv) If a person cannot afford a counsel, he must be provided one even during investigation, by the State. The above formulation is known as the "Miranda Warning". Article 10(1) of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan embodies the "Miranda Rule" and lays down that:‑‑-- "No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest, nor shall he be denied the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice."

6. In the case of Abdul Aziz and another v. The State reported in 1984 PCr.LJ page 530 (Karachi) a Division Bench was pleased to hold that where a counsel had been appointed to represent two accused persons who pleaded not only different but diametrically opposed defenses, the appointment of two Advocates separately for each accused was necessary and that serious prejudice had been caused to the accused tantamounting to miscarriage of justice and, therefore, their conviction and sentence was set aside and the case was remanded to the trial Court for de novo proceedings.

7. In the case of Niaz Ahmad v. The State reported in 1984 PCr.LJ 1054 (Lahore) it was held that the appointment of a counsel at State expense to defend the accused should be made well within time to enable such counsel to study the necessary documents and that a counsel of whatever high calibre he may cannot be expected to prepare defence in a murder case without sufficient time and the necessary material. It was, therefore, held that the apprehension of the accused that he might not get a fair trial was not altogether unfounded. It was, therefore, ordered that the case be made over to any Additional? Sessions Judge functioning in the District for trial.

8. In the matter of transfer of a criminal case from one Court to another under section 526, Cr.P.C. and the principles governing disposal of transfer applications in the High Court, my lord Mr. Justice Hamoodur Rahman, the then Chief Justice of Pakistan has enunciated the same in the case of Muhammad Nawaz v. Ghulam Kadir and 3 others reported in PLD 1973 Supreme Court page 327 as follows:‑‑-- "The transfer of a criminal case from a Court of competent jurisdiction is justified only if there is a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the party concerned that the Court would not be able to act fairly and impartially in the matter. It is of paramount importance that parties arraigned before Courts should have confidence in their impartiality. It is one of the important duties of a High Court to create and maintain such confidence, and this can be done only by ensuring that, so far as practicable, a party will not be forced to undergo a trial by a Judge or Magistrate whom he reasonably regards as being prejudiced against him. What is a reasonable apprehension must be decided in circumstances; and the Court must endeavour, as far as possible, to place itself in the position of the applicant seeking transfer, and look at the matter from his point of view, having due regard to his state of mind and the degree of intelligence possessed by him. Nevertheless, it is not every incident regarded as unfavourable by the applicant which would justify the transfer of the case. The test of reasonableness of the apprehension must be satisfied, namely, that the apprehension must be such as a reasonable man might justifiably be expected to have." The basic principle is that justice should not only be done but manifestly be seen to have been done and where on account of any attending circumstances a suspicion or distrust has occurred resulting in a loss of confidence in the administration of justice which is so essential to social order and security, it is better that should be done by a Court whose impartiality cannot be doubted and is above suspicion.

9. Resultantly this petition is accepted. It is ordered that the case entitled The State v. Muhammad Hashim Raza pending in the Court of Rao Shafay Ali Khan, Additional Sessions Judge, Multan be sent back to the Court of the learned Sessions Judge of Multan who may either try the same himself send it to any other Court of competent jurisdiction who shall try the same do novo. N.H.Q./M‑206/L???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Case transferred.