1960 PLP 818 (PTD)

(1) that the Royal Trust Company is obviously not a charitable institution ; (2) that the "Burns Memorial Trust" is nothing more than a name attached to a fund and is not a charitable institution. The same opinions were expressed by all the Judges of the Supreme Court and their Lordships take the view that they are manifestly correct. With regard to the argument that the last five added appellants are "charitable institutions" entitled to claim exemption the learned Deputy Judge said: "But holding as I have done that no part of the income for any of the relevant years will at any time reach the beneficiaries (i.e. the five bodies in question) as income, it is quite unneces sary for me to determine this point and I make no finding in regard therto." In the Supreme Court this claim to exemption was held to fail for the same reason although in the opinion of the majority the Lacombe Home and the Salvation Army were religious or charitable institutions. This latter expression of opinion was however not necessary to the decision. Their Lordships, while not desiring to throw any doubt on its correctness, prefer to base their decision on the view taken both by the learned Deputy Judge and by all the members of the Supreme Court that the income was not income of any of the five added appellants. The executors are the recipients of the income. It is their duty to accumulate it and ultimately to hand over the accumulation to the Royal Trust Company. That Company will receive these accumulations not as income but as a Capital fund which will always remain capital in its hands. All that it will disburse, all that the five bodies will receive, will be the income of that capital fund. It is true that the Company and the five bodies are entitled to enforce the obliga tions in respect of the income which the will imposes upon the executors and the five bodies will also be entitled to enforce the obligations in respect of the administration of the accumulated fund and the distribution of its income which are imposed on the Company. But this does not make the income received by the executors or the capital fund to be received by the Royal Trust Company in any sense or at any time the income of those bodies. This being in their Lordships, view a conclusive answer to the whole of the claim based on paragraph (e) of section 4 they prefer to express no opinion on the question whether any of the five bodies are institutions within the meaning of that para graph. But this does not dispose of the matters in issue. The learned Deputy Judge of the Exchequer Court had held that the whole of the income was covered by the charging provisions of the Act and dismissed the appeal to that Court. In the Supreme Court a different view was taken and the appellants obtained a measure of success. The majority (consisting of the Chief Justice, Kerwin and Hudson, JJ.) thought that two‑fifths of the income in ques tion (being that proportion from which the Lacombe Home and the Salvation Army are ultimately entitled to the interest thereon, were free from income‑tax for the years 1938 and 1939 on the ground that in those years there was no relevant charging section in the Act which applied to that proportion. The minority (consisting of Rand and Estey, JJ.) took a view more favourable to the appellants. They considered that the entirety of the 33 per cent. of the income and not merely two‑fifths of it was free from income‑tax for those two years and also for the year 1940 on the ground that no charging section applied to any of it until the year 1941. Their Lordships are of opinion that the majority of the High Courts were right in thinking that the two‑fifths of the income indicated by them was free from tax but they agree with the view of the minority that it was so free also for the year 1940. They are unable, however, to accept the view of the minority that the remaining three‑fifths of the income was free from tax for the years in question. The questions here involved turn on the construction of certain provisions of section 11 of the Act and on the effect of two amendments made in subsection (4) of that section, one having effect for the year 1940, and the other for the year 1941. The general scheme of the Act in the case of trust property is to impose the tax on the persons beneficially entitled to the income and not on the trustees. But in some cases this would have led to administrative difficulties in enforcing the tax against anyone. Examples of cases where the tax is imposed on trustees are to be found provided for in section

11. The first subsection of that sec tion refers to the general scheme. It provides as follows :‑ "The income, for any taxation period, of a beneficiary of any estate or trust or whatsoever nature shall be deemed to include all income accruing to the credit of the tax‑payer whether received by him or not during such taxation period." It is convenient here to interpose a reference to an argument which was at one time advanced on behalf of the appellants viz. that the income in question could be regarded as income of the five bodies they being (it was suggested) "beneficiaries" to whose "credit" the income was accruing. Their Lordships are of opinion that this argument cannot prevail. They consider that this income is not "income" accruing to the credit of any of them. All that they are entitled to is to receive at a future date a capital sum built up from receipts which, as has been already pointed out, could never be carried to their credit as income. The sub‑clause, in their Lordships' opinion, is dealing with income "accruing to the credit" of a "tax‑payer" only in the sense that it is income which is his although not yet paid to him. Subsection (2) of the section so far as material provides as follows :‑ "Income accumulating in trust for the benefit of unascertained persons, or of persons with contingent interests shall be taxable in the hands of the trustee or other like persons acting in a fidu ciary capacity, as if such income were the income of a person other than a corporation, provide i that shall not be entitled to the exemptions provided by paragraphs (c), (d), (e) and (i) of subsection one of section five of this Act . . . It was argued on behalf of the respondent that the whole of the income in question was chargeable under this subsection as being income accumulating in trust for the benefit of "unascer tained persons." The majority of the Supreme Court accepted this argument as regards the proportion of the accumulating income which will ultimately be handed over to the three sets of trustees. In the case of those bodies they considered that the accumulations were in trust for the benefit of the several objects of the charities namely the poor, indigent and neglected children, the widows and orphans of members of the Police Force and the widows and orphans of members of the Fire Brigade. These they considered to be "unascertained persons" so that the wording of the subsection was precisely applicable. Rand and Estey, JJ. on the other hand thought that the income could not be said to be accumulating in trust for the "benefit" of those objects who would never receive it as income since all that they will receive as income will be the income of the accumulated fund, not that fund itself. The question is not free from difficulty but their Lordships find themselves in agreement with the view of the majority of the Supreme Court. The expression "for the benefit of" appears to them to be wide enough in its ordinary significance to cover the case where the unascertained persons will receive an interest in the income to be derived from the fund built up from the accumulating income. It is true that if the view of the majority of the Supreme Court is accepted there might in that class of case be a certain measure of overlapping with subsection (4), at any rate in its form as finally amended. The view which their Lordships favour does, however, find support in the language used by Lord Romer in delivering the opinion of the Board in The Minister of National Revenue v. Trust and Guarantee Co. ((1940) A C 138). He said of subsection (2) :‑ "the subsection applies in every case where income is being accumulated in trust for the benefit of unascertained persons whether those persons will or will not ultimately take a vested interest in such income and whether they will or will not ever become entitled .to specific portions of it. In the present case the accumulated interest in the bands of the respondents as trustees' will in the year 1948 have to be handed over to the Municipal Council of Colne as trustees in trust to be applied for the benefit of the aged and deserving poor of that town. Such aged and deserving poor are without any question persons, and equally without question they are unascertained. The case, therefore, seems to fall within the very words of the subsection." No doubt the accumulating fund in that case (and not merely its income) was itself to be applied for the benefit of the aged and deserving poor so that they would be the ultimate recipients of the fund built up of the accumulating income (although they would not have received it as income). The language used does not, however, confine the principle expounded to cases of that character but is wide enough and in their Lordships' view intentionally wide enough to cover such a case as the present. Their Lordships therefore are of opinion that with regard to the three‑fifths of the income in which the three sets of trustees are interested the majority of the Supreme Court came to the right conclusion. That proportion is covered by subsection (2) which is admittedly a charging provision and as it is not exempted under section 4 (e) (a) the appeal to that extent fails. As regards the Lacombe Home and the Salvation Army all members of the Supreme Court took the view that the proportions of income in which those bodies were interested were exempt from taxation under subsection (2) for the years 1938 and 1939. The majority based their conclusion on the view that these bodies were ascertained persons and as such were the persons for whose benefit the income was accumulating. There is no cross‑appeal from this decision. The minority on the other hand considered that these proportions escaped taxation under the general principle enunciated by them that the income 'could not be said to be accumulating for their "benefit" and they will never receive it as income. Their Lordships have already given reasons for not accepting this reasoning of the minority. Accepting, therefore, the view of the majority of the Supreme Court as they do, there is nothing which imposes a charge to tax upon these two‑fifths. But subsection (4) of section 11 remains to be considered. For the years 1938 and 1939 this subsection was in the following form :‑ "Dividends received by an estate or trust and capitalised shall be taxable income of the estate or trust." It was not contended that the subsection in this form operated to charge these shares of income in those two years. In 1940 Parliament substituted a new section 4 (a) for the original sub section (4) in these terms :‑ "(4) (a) Income received by an estate or trust and capitalised shall be taxable in the hands of the executors and trustees, or other like persons acting in a fiduciary capacity." The majority of the Judges of the Supreme Court took the view that unlike the original subsection (4) this substituted provision operates as a true charging section notwithstanding that it does not expressly say what the rate of taxation is to be. That omission, they thought, could be supplied on the ground that this Board, in Holden v. Minister of National Revenue ((1933) A C 526) construed section 11 (2) in its then form as a valid charging section, the rate of taxa tion being sufficiently indicated by the words then present in that subsection which provided that the income there dealt with should be taxed "as if such income were the income of an unmarried person." Their Lordships cannot agree with this reasoning. They share the difficulties expressed by Rand, J. and, Estey J. in their dissenting judgments. As Estey, J. said : "Without a rate or determinable amount there can be no impost" and neither of those learned Judges was prepared to imply a reference either to the rate expressly specified for cases falling under section 11 (2) or any other rate. With this view of the matter their Lordships are in agreement. The two‑fifths of the 33 per cent. in which the two named bodies are interested is accordingly not subject to tax for the year 1940. For the year 1941, however, the omission was made good. Parliament for that year and following years added a new para graph (c) to subsection (4) reading as follows :‑ "Income taxable under the provisions of this subsection shall be taxed as if such income were the income of a person other than a corporation, provided that no deduction shall be allowed in respect of the exemptions provided by paragraphs (c), (d), (e) and (i) of subsection (1) of section 5 of this Act." Their Lordships agree with the unanimous opinion of the Supreme Court that this addition states with sufficient precision what the basis of the impost is to be and turns the subsection into a valid charging provision covering the whole of the income in question. In the result their Lordships will humbly advise His Majesty that in the Order and Declaration made by the Supreme Court the year 1940 should be added to the years 1938 and 1939 for which the two‑fifths of the income in question (being the proportion from which the Lacombe Home and the Salvation Army are ultimately entitled to the interest thereon) are declared to be free of income tax and that this appeal should be allowed to that extent but no further. The Order of the Supreme Court as to costs will stand. The appellants having failed on their main contention must pay three quarters of the respondent's costs of the appeal. Appeal allowed in part.