P L D 1986 Supreme Court 564 (PLP)
MAULANA ABU DAWOOD MUHAMMAD SADIQ‑Appellant Versus REGISTRATION OFFICER, REGISTRATION OFFICE, LAHORE AND OTHERS‑ — Respondents
| Citation | P L D 1986 Supreme Court 564 (PLP) |
| Forum / Court | Shariat Appellate Bench |
| Bench Members | N/A |
| Parties | MAULANA ABU DAWOOD MUHAMMAD SADIQ‑Appellant Versus REGISTRATION OFFICER, REGISTRATION OFFICE, LAHORE AND OTHERS‑ — Respondents |
| Primary Law | (e) Islamic Jurisprudence‑, (j) Islamic jurisprudence‑, (b) Islamic jurisprudence‑ |
Q1: What are the key laws and sections cited in P L D 1986 Supreme Court 564 (PLP)?
This judgment primarily cites: (e) Islamic Jurisprudence‑, (j) Islamic jurisprudence‑, (b) Islamic jurisprudence‑, (d) National Registration Act (LVI of 1973), (a) National Registration Act (LVI of 1973)‑, (h) National Registration Act (LVI of 1973)‑, (i) Islamic jurisprudence‑, (f) Islamic Jurisprudence ‑‑ as referenced in Pakistani case law index.
Q2: Which judicial bench decided the case P L D 1986 Supreme Court 564 (PLP)?
The case was heard and decided by the Shariat Appellate Bench bench comprising: N/A.
Q3: What is the official citation format for this judgment on Pakistan Law Portal?
Cite this legal precedent as: P L D 1986 Supreme Court 564 (PLP) (MAULANA ABU DAWOOD MUHAMMAD SADIQ‑Appellant Versus REGISTRATION OFFICER, REGISTRATION OFFICE, LAHORE AND OTHERS‑ — Respondents). Read the full summary and cross-referenced laws free on Pakistan Law Portal.
Laws Cited
Representation
- Mian Nazir Akhtar, Advocate Supreme Court and Ch. Akhtar Ali Advocate‑on‑Record for Appellant.
- Syed Riazul Hassan Gilani, Advocate Supreme Court and M. A. Siddiqui, Advocate‑on‑Record for Respondent.
- I would make an attempt to examine the matter by posing certain questions and answering the same in the light of the opinion expressed by my learned brothers and the assistance rendered at the bar by the ‑learned Advocates and the juris‑consults and independent‑study made with the help of the staff and other sources vie‑a‑vie the command or otherwise of the Quran and Sunnah regarding those questions. The questions and short answers are as follows:
- III. Written arguments by Mian Nazir Akhtar, Advocate.
- III‑A Written arguments by Syed Riazul Hasan Gilani, Advocate.
- ‑--Written arguments of Mian Nazir Akhtar, Advocate, p. 23.
- ‑--Written arguments of Mian Nazir Akhtar, Advocate, p. 113.
- ‑-- Mian Nazir Akhtar, Advocate: Written arguments, p. 9.
Headnotes / Summary
Preamble‑Constitution of Pakistan (1973), Art. 203‑F‑Photo graph required to be affixed and law in pursuance of which need for such photograph arises, is not against injunctions of Islam as contained in Qur'an and Sunnah.
Injunctions of Islam‑Interpretation of commands causing difficul ties, impeding or hampering development, progress and smooth running in affairs of Muslim Community cannot be accepted unless it is shown that God has by a pre‑emptory injunction in Qur'an so commanded or Prophet has in his sayings and conduct properly understood in their true spirit and context, so enjoined‑Constitu tion of Pakistan (1973), Art. 203‑F.
Injunctions of Islam‑Making of pictures and photographs Whether prohibited in Islam.
Injunctions of Islam‑Prohibition‑No verse in Qur'an directly prohibiting certain act‑Jurists and Sects not unanimous on nature and extent of prohibition‑Controversy how can be resolved.
Injunctions of Islam‑Taking or making of pictures and photo graphs per se not forbidden in Islam‑Disapproval, or prohibition is related to use to which it is put or purpose for which it is made.
Judgment & Decree
‑--Daira Moarif Islamic, Vol. VI, p. 443. ‑--Abdul Aziz bin Baz : Taswir Kashi ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda ka Hukam, Parda, p. 12 (Hadis No. 3). --‑Mian Nazir Akhtar : Argument, p. 112. --‑Khalil‑ur‑Rehman Lakhvi : Written arguments, p. 3 (Hadis No. 1). --‑Hasnain Raza Khan : Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasid, p. 4. --‑Moani‑al‑Asar, Vol. IV, p. 442. --‑Article, "Islam Aur Taswir", p. 2. --‑Allama Wahid‑uz‑Zaman ; Sahih Muslim, Vol. V (Urdu), p. 328.
Sheikh Muhammad Najif Mufti : Jawaz‑i‑Taswir, p. 4. ‑--Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir ke Shari Ahkam, p. 14 (Hadis No. 3). ‑--Imam Abu Jaffar Ahmad : Moani‑Al‑Asar, Vol. IV, p: 436. ‑--Abul A'la‑Maudoodi : Tafhim‑ul‑Quran, Vol. IV, p. 182. ‑--Tafsir‑Al‑Bari (Shara Sahih Bokhari), p. 547, Sabih Bokhari, Vol. III p. 346. ‑--Abdul Aziz bin Baz : Taswir Kashi ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 11 (Hadis No. 1). --‑Article "Islam Aur Taswir", p. 1. ‑--Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 262. --‑"Razai Mustafa", Vol. 15, No. 8 August, 1973, p. 14. --‑Hasnain Raza Khan : Fi Saur‑al‑Hasib, p. 4. --‑ Qazi Muhammad Sana Ullah Usmani Tafsir‑i‑Mazhari, Vol. IX, p. 459. ‑--Mirat‑ul‑Masajih (Shara Mishkat‑ul‑Masabih), Vol. VI, p. 201. --‑Mishkat Sharif, Vol. II, p. 413. ‑--Mian Nazir Akhtar : Written arguments, p. 113. ‑--Syed Sulaiman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 172. ‑--Fikro‑Nazar'. Islamabad, August, 1980, p. 49. ‑--Oardhawi : Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, pp. 136, 150. ‑--Abu Saleh Muhammad Faiz Ahmad ; Aswa‑Altazir‑Fi Taswir‑ul -Taswir, p. 10. ‑--Sheikh Muhammad Najif Mufti (Egypt) Jawaz‑i‑Taswir, p. 110. ‑--Mufti Muhammad Shaft : Taswir ke Shari Ahkam, p. 16 (Hadis No. 6). ‑--Abdul Aziz bin Bazi : Taswir Kashi ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda, p. 14. ‑--Article "Islam Aur Taswir", p. 2. ‑--Tafsir‑ul‑Bari (Shara Sahih Bokhari), p. 548. ‑--Qardhawi: Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 136. ‑--Sahih Muslim (published by Khalid Ihsan, Lahore), p. 324. ‑--Sonin Nisai : Vol. III, p. 352. ‑--Moani‑Al‑Asar : Vol. IV, pp. 437, 438. ‑--Sahih Bukhari Sharif : Vol. III, p. 347. ‑--Mirat‑ul‑Masajeh (Shara Mishkat‑ul‑Masabib), Vol. VI, p. 199. ‑--Khalil‑ur‑Rehman Lakhvi : Written arguments, p. 19, ‑--Qazi Majib‑ur‑Rehman : Written arguments, p. 16. ‑--Mian Nazir Akhtar: Written arguments, p. 112. ‑--Abdul Aziz bin Baz: Taswir Kashi ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Main Parda, p. 15. ‑--Moani‑Al‑Asar, Vol. IV, p. 135. ‑--Abul A'la Maudoodi: Tafhim‑ul‑Qur'an, Vol. IV, p. 184. ‑--Aswa‑ul‑Tazir Fi Taqsir‑ul‑Taswir, p. 12. ‑--Sahih Muslim (Urdu), p. 324. ‑--Mian Nazir Akhtar: Written arguments, p. 111. ‑--Abdul Aziz bin Baz: Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda, p. 12 (Hadis 4). ‑--Sonin Nisai, Vol. III, p. 353. ‑--Shafal‑wala Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 4. ‑--Monthly "Rehnamai Mustafa", Gujranwala, Vol. 15, No. 8. p. 14. ‑--Abul A'la Maudoodi: Tafhim‑ul‑Quran, Vol. IV, p. 182. ‑--Tafsir‑i‑Mazhari, Vol. IX, p. 459. ‑--Moani‑Al‑Asar, Vol. IV, p. 441. --‑Daira‑i‑Moarif (Urdu), Vol. VI, p. 112. ‑--Qardhawi: Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 12. ‑--Tafsir‑ul‑Bari (Shara Sahib Bokhari), Vol. V, p. 551. ‑--Sahib Bokhari, Vol. III, p. 349. ‑--Mufti Muhammad Shafi: Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 14. ‑--Mian Nazir Akhtar: Written arguments, p. 113. ‑--Mishkat Sharif, Vol. II, p. 415. ‑--Article "Islam Aur Taswir", p. 5. ‑--Abul A'la Maudoodi: Tafhim‑ul‑Qur'an, Vol. IV, p. 183. ‑--Moani‑Al‑Asar: Vol. IV, p. 441. ‑--Aswa‑ul‑Tahzir Fi Taqsir‑ul‑Taswir, p. 11. --‑Sahih Muslim Sharif: Vol. V, p. 327. ‑--Sonin Nasai: Vol. III, p. 353. ‑--Syed Suleman Nadvi: Moarif (1919), p. 261. ‑--Tafsir‑i‑Mazhari: Vol. IX, p. 458. ‑--Mirat‑ul‑Masajih (Shara Mishkat‑ul‑Masabih), Vol. VI, p. 202. ‑--Shafal‑wala: Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 13. ‑--Ain‑ul‑Hedaya: Vol. 1, p. 518. ‑--Abdul Aziz bin Baz: Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 13 (Hadis No. 6). ‑--Mufti Muhammad Shafi: Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 29 (Hadis 14). ‑-- Mian Nazir Akhtar, Advocate: Written arguments, p. 9.
Mishkat Sharif, Vol. II, p. 414.
Mirat‑ul‑Masajih (Shara Mishkat-ul‑Masabih), Vol. VI, p. 202.
Jama‑i‑Tirmazi Sharif, Vol. 1, p. 766.
Aswa‑ul‑Tahzir Fi: Taswir‑ul‑Taswir, p. 11.
Shafal‑wala: Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 3.
Mian Nazir Akhtar: Written arguments, p. 114.
Mishkat Sharif, Vol. II, p. 415.
Tafsir‑i‑Mazhari: Vol. IX, p. 459.
Mirat‑ul‑Masajih (Shara Mishkat‑ul‑Masabih), Vol. VI, p. 205.
Shafal‑wala: Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 4.
Aswa‑ul‑Tabzir Fi Taswir-ul‑Taswir, p. 11.
Mian Nazir Akhtar: Written arguments, p. 111.
Sahih Bokhari Sharif, Vol. 111, p. 345.
Tafsir‑ul‑Bari (Shara Sahih Bokhari), Vol. V, p. 551.
Abdul Aziz bin Baz: Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p.
12. Angels not entering places containing pictures.
Muhammad Najif Mufti: Jawaz‑i‑Taswir, (Urdu), p. 7.
Aswa‑al‑Tahzir‑Fi‑Taswir‑ul‑Taswir; p. 18.
Abdul Aziz Bin Baz: Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 12.
Mirat‑ul‑Masajih (Shara Mishkat‑ul‑Masabih), Vol. VI, p. 204.
Shafal‑wala: Fi Saur‑ul‑Haseeb, p. 6.
Sonin Nasai: Vol III, p. 354.
Al‑Hedaya: Vol. 1, p. 517.
Muhammad Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi: Rasail‑i‑Rizwia, p. 392.
Sahih Muslim: Vol. V, p. 328.
Aswa‑ul‑Tahzir Taswir‑ul‑Taswir, p. 13.
Abdul Aziz Bin Baz : Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 21, (Hadis 20).
Article Islam Aur Taswir: p. 3 (Hadis 2)
Qardhawi: Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 141.
Saad Hasan: Maslak Imam‑i‑Azam, pp. 357‑358.
Mishkat Sharif, Vol. II, p. 414.
Khalil‑ur‑Rehman Lakhwi: Written arguments, p. 24.
Qazi Mujib‑ur‑Rehman: Written arguments, p. 12.
Muhammad Najeef, Mufti: Jawaz‑i‑Taswir. p. 18.
Syed Suleman Nadvi: Moarif (1919), p. 180.
Sahih Bokhari Sharif, Vol. III, p. 348.
Mian Nazir Akhtar: Written arguments, pp. 111, 114, 113.
Mufti Muhammad Shafi: Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam: p. 24 (Had is 11).
Moani‑Al‑Asar (Sharah), Vol. IV, p. 435.
Tafsir‑ul‑Bari (Sharah Sahib Bokhari), p. 550 (Hadis 1).
Abul A'la Maudoodi: Tafhim‑ul‑Qur'an, Vol. IV, p. 185.
Mian Nazir Akhtar: Written argumentation, p. 12.
Imam Malik: Al‑Mowatta; (Agha Wahid‑uz-Zaman), p. 490.
Imam Malik: Al‑Mowatta; (Islami Academy, Lahore), p. 672.
Abdul Aziz Bin Baz: Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 19 (Hadis No. 18), p. 20 (Hadis No. 19)_
Mufti Muhammad Shafi: Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 31 (Hadis No. 16).
Sahih Muslim Sharif, Vol. V, p. 320.
Sonin Ibn Maaja Sharif, Vol. II, p. 306. ‑‑Shafal‑wala Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib. P. 6 (Qarardad Babit Taswir, p. 1; Moani‑Al‑Asar; Vol. IV, p. 435 & Article "Islam Aur Taswir", p. 2). ‑‑Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 134 & Moarif (1919), p. 172 by Syed Suleman Nadvi. Moani‑Al‑Asar, p. 435. -‑Mirat‑ul‑Masajih (Shara Mishkat‑ul‑Masabih), p.
2. Ahadis With reference to Hazrat Aysha (r. u. h.) -‑Sheikh Muhammad Najeef, Mufti‑a‑Misr : Jawaz‑i-Taswir, p. 2. -‑Written argumentation by Khalil ‑ur‑Rehman, p. 22. -‑Written argumentation by Qazi Majib‑ur‑Rehman, p.
12. Ahadis -‑With reference to Hazrat Aysha (r. u. h.) ‑‑Sheikh Muhammad Najeef, Mufti‑e‑Misr: Jawaz‑i‑Taswir, p. 5. -‑Written argumentation of Khalil‑ur‑Rehman, p. 21. -‑Mirat‑ul‑Masajih (Shara Mishkat‑ul‑Masabih), p. 196. -‑Moani‑al‑Asar (Urdu), p. 438 -‑Shafal wala Fi‑Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 6. -‑Abul A'la Maudoodi : Tafhim‑ul‑Qur'an, p. 184. -‑Written arguments by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 110 (Hadis No. 6). -‑Sahih Muslim Sharif, Vol. V, p. 325 (Translation by Allama Wahid -uz‑Zaman Khan). -‑Sahih Bokhari Sharif Vol. III, pp. 346‑347 (Ahadis Nos. 897 & 901) -‑Al‑Mowatta ; Imam Malik, Vol. 11, p. 491 (Translation by Allama Wahid‑uz‑Zaman Khan). ‑‑Abdul Aziz Bin Baz : Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam. p. 15 (Hadis No. 10). -‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi :.. Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 19 (Hadis No. 8). -‑Qardhawi, Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 150. -‑Tafsir‑ul‑Bari (Shara Sahih Bokhari) ; pp. 549, 550. -‑Mishkat Sharif, Vol. II, p. 412. ‑‑Sheikh Muhammad Najeef, Mufti‑e‑Misr : Jawaz‑i‑Taswir, p. 4. ‑Written arguments by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 110. --Mufti Muhammad Shafi ; Taswir Ki Shari Ahkam, p. 18 (Hadis No. 6). ‑Abdul Aziz Bin Baz : Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hakam, p. 14 (Hadis No 8). ‑‑Article : Islam Aur Taswir, p. 2. -‑Tafsir‑ul‑Bari (Shara Sahih Bokhari), p, 542. -‑Qardbawi : Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 136. -‑Sahih Muslim, Vol. V. p. 324. -‑Sonin Nasai, Vol. III, p. 352. -‑Moani‑Al‑Asar, Vol. IV, pp. 437‑438. -‑Sahih Bokhari Sharif, Vol. III, p. 347. -‑Mirat‑ul‑Masajih (Shara Mishkat‑ul‑Masabih), Vol. VI, p. 199. -‑Written arguments by Khalil‑ur‑Rehman Lakhvi, p. 19. -‑Written arguments by Qazi Majib‑ur‑Rehman, p. 16. -‑Written arguments by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 112. -‑Abdul Aziz Bin Baz : Taswir Kasbi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 15 (Hadis No. 9). -‑Moani‑Al‑Asar, Vol. IV, p. 435. -‑Abul A'la Maudoodi : Tafhim‑ul‑Quran , p. 184 (Hadis No. 10). -‑Aswa‑Al‑Tahzir Fi Taswir‑ul‑Taswir, p. 12. --Sahih Muslim, Vol. V, p. 324. -‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir‑Ke‑Shari Ahkam, p. 31 (Hadis No. 16). -‑Sahih Muslim Sharif, Vol. V, p. 320. -‑Sonin Ibn Maja Sharif, Vol. 2, p. 300. . -‑Shafal‑wala Fi Saur‑Al‑Hasib, p. 6. -‑Qarardad Babat Taswir and Moani‑al‑Asar, Vol. IV, p. 435 and Article : Islam Mein Taswir, p. 2. -‑Written arguments by Qazi Mujib‑ur‑Rehman, p. 11. -‑Mishkat Sharif, Vol. II, p. 415. -‑Qardhawi : Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 147. -‑Sahih Muslim, Vol. V. p. 323. -‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 178. -‑Sheikh Muhammad Najeef, Mufti‑e‑Misr, Jawaz‑i‑Taswir, p. 4. -‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam ; p. 17 (Hadis No. 5). -‑Abdul Aziz Bin Baz : Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 18 (Hadi, No. 17). -‑Mishkat Sharif : Vol. II, p. 415. -‑Qardhawi : Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 147. -‑Sahih Muslim Sharif, Vol. V. p. 323. -‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919). p.
178. SCHEDULE II‑G (Other Ahadiths) -‑Written arguments No. 2 by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 7. ‑‑Sahih Bokhari Sharif., Vol. II, p 10. ‑Abul A'la Maudoodi : Tafhim‑ul‑Quran, Vol. IV, p. 186. -‑Shafal; wala Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 12. -‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), pp. 251‑252. -‑Mufti. Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Akham, p. 35 (Hadith No. 21). -‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919),. p. 250. -‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 33 (Hadith No. 19). ‑Article : Islam Aur Taswir, p. 6. ‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 24 (Hadith No. 13). ‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 263. ‑Sonin‑Ibn Maja Sharif, p. 396. ‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi: Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam. p. 36 (Hadith No. 26). -‑Article : Islam Aur Taswir, p. 7. -‑Syed Suleman Nadvi, Moarif (1919), p. 181. -‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 36 (Hadith No. 27). -‑Article "Islam Aur Taswir", p. 7. -‑Moani‑ul‑Asar ; Vol. IV, p. 440. ‑-Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 36 (Hadith No. 27). -‑Article "Islam Aur Taswir, p. 7. -‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 181. -‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 36 (Hadith No. 26). -‑Article "Islam Aur Taswir", p. 7. -‑Sheikh Muhammad Najeef : Mufti‑e‑Misr ; Jawaz‑i‑Taswir (Urdu), p. 20. -‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 250. -‑Monthly Frikr‑o‑Nazar, August, 1980, p. 46. -‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, pp. 35‑36 (Hadith Nos. 22 & 24). -‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 254. -‑Written arguments No. 2 by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 9. ‑Abdul Aziz Bin Baz : Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 17 (Hadith 15). ‑Shafal‑wala Fi‑Saur ul Haseeb; p. 10. ‑Rasail‑i‑Rizvia, Lahore, p. 374. ‑Moani‑ul‑Asar, Vol. IV, p. 435 ‑Written arguments by Khalil‑ur‑Rehman, p. 8. ‑Qardhawi : Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 157. ‑Written arguments No. 2, Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 9. ‑Abdul A'la Maudoodi : Tafhim‑ul‑Quran, Vol. IV, p. 184. ‑Written arguments by Khalil‑ur‑Rehman Lakhvi, p. 5. ‑Moani‑ul‑Asar, Vol. IV, p. 436. ‑Abdul Aziz Bin Bez : Islam Mein Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Parda Ka Hukam, p. 14 (Hadith No. 7). ‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 172. ‑Tafsir‑ul‑Bari (Shara Sahih Bokhari), p. 547. ‑Qarshawi: Islam Mein Hala‑o‑Haram, p. 157. ‑Syed Suleman Nadvi :. Moarif (1919), p. 251. ‑Sahih Bokhari Sharif : Vol. III, p. 346. ‑Mirat‑ul‑Masajih (Shara`Mishkat‑ul‑Masabih), p. 196. ‑Shafal‑wala Fi‑Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 8. ‑Aswa‑Al‑Tahzir Fi Taswir‑ul‑Taswir, p. 15. ‑Written arguments by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 112. ‑Sonin Nasai, Vol. III, p. 352. ‑Abul A'la Maudoodi's Tafhim‑ul‑Qur'an, Vol. IV, p. 184. ‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 19 (Hadis No. 7). ‑Tafsir ul‑Bari (Shara Sahih Bokhari), p. 548. ‑Sheikh Muhammad Najeef : Mufti‑e‑Misr, Jawaz‑i‑Taswi;, p. 5. ‑Sahih Muslim Sharif, Vol. V, pp. 324‑325. ‑Sonin Ibn‑i‑Maja, Vol. II, p. 397. ‑Sonin Nasai, p. 402. ‑Monthly Fikar‑e‑Nazar (August, 1980), p. 44. ‑Moani‑al‑Asar, p. 135. ‑Sahih Bokhari Sharif, Vol. III, p. 312. ‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 177. ‑Sonin Nasai, Vol. III, p. 352. ‑Sahih Muslim Sharif, Vol. II, p. 325. ‑Mishkat Sharif, Vol. II, p. 113. ‑Sheikh Muhammad Najeef : Mufti‑e‑Misr Jawaz‑i‑Taswir, p. 6. ‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 9 (Hadis No. 20). ‑Qardhawi : Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 112. ‑Tafsir‑ul‑Bari, p. 550. ‑Written arguments by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 112. ‑Written arguments No. 2 by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 10. ‑Written arguments by Qazi Mujib‑ur‑Rehman, p. 17. ‑Qardnawi: Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 148. ‑Monthly Fikr‑o‑Nazr (August, 1980), p. 45. ‑Syed Suleman Nadvi: Moarif (1919), p. 176. ‑Sonin Nasai, Vol. III, p. 352. ‑Sahih Muslim, Vol. V, p. 323. ‑Written arguments No. 2 by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 7. ‑Sahih Bokhari, Vol. II, p. III. ‑Syed Suleman Nadvi: Moarif (1919), p. 175. ‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shar Ahkam, p. 18 (Hadith No. 33). ‑Abul A'la Maudoodi, Vol. IV, p. 181. ‑Aswa‑Al‑Ta'azir Fi Taswir‑ul‑Taswir, p. 19. ‑Mishkat Sharif, Vol. II, p. 416. ‑Mirat‑ul‑Masajih, Vol. VI, p. 210. ‑Shafal‑wala Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 11. -Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari .khkam. p. 37 (Hadis No. 30). ‑Monthly Fikr‑o‑Nazar, August 1980, p. 43. ‑Qardhawi: Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 140. ‑Written argumentation by Dr. Jawad, p. 3. ‑Moarif (1919), p. 180. ‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 32 (Hadis No. 34). ‑Abdul Aziz Bin Baz : Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 10. ‑Written argumentation by Dr. Jawad, p. 3. ‑Qardhawi: Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 140. ‑Article "Islam Aur Taswir", p. 4. ‑Moarif (1919), p. 180. ‑Monthly Fikr‑o‑Nazar (August, 1981), p. 43. ‑Moarif (1919), p. 181. ‑Monthly Fikr‑o‑Nazar (August, 1981), p.
46. SCHEDULE II(D) Ahadiths With reference to Hazrat Ali (r. u. h.) ‑Written arguments by Riaz‑ul‑Hasan Gilani, p. 7. ‑Article "Islam Aur Taswir", p. 4. ‑Abul A'la Maudoodi: Tafhim‑ul‑Qur'an, Vol. IV, p. 182. ‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 252. ‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi: Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 32 (Hadith No. 17). ‑‑Qardhawi: Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 158. ‑Written arguments No. 2 by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 13. ‑Aswa‑ul‑Ta'azir Fi Taswir‑ul‑Taswir, p. 16. ‑Shafal‑wala Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib. P. 8 ‑Written arguments No. 2 by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 2. ‑Article 'Islam Aur Taswir', p. 2. ‑Shafal‑wala Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 8. ‑'Aswa‑ul‑Ta'azir Fi Taswir‑ul‑Taswir, p. 15. ‑Abul A'la Maudoodi: Tafhim‑ul‑Qur'an, Vol. IV, p. 186. ‑Sahih Muslim Sharif, Vol. II, p. 397. ‑Sonin Nasai ; Vol. I, p. 493. ‑Abdul Aziz Bin Baz: Taswir Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 17 (Hadis No. 14). ‑Written arguments by Khalil‑ur‑Rehman Lakhvi, p. 9: ‑Written arguments No. 2 by Mian Nazir Akhtar p. 10. ‑Moani‑ul‑Asar, Vol. IV, p. 433. ‑Shafal‑wala, p. 7. ‑Sonin Nasai, Vol. III, p. 143. ‑Written argument No, 2 by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 10. ‑Sonin Razi Sharif, p. 402. ‑Shafal‑wala Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 7. ‑Aswa‑ul‑Ta'azir Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 13. ‑Written arguments No. 2 by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 10. ‑Shafal‑wala Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib, p. 7. ‑Sonin Nasai, Vol. III, p. 352. ‑Aswa‑ul‑Ta'azir Fi Taswir‑ul‑Taswir, p. 14. ‑Written arguments by Khalil‑ur‑Rehman Lakhvi, p. 17. ‑Written argument No. 2 by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p.
12. SCHEDULE II (E) Ahadith ; With reference to Hazrat Ibn Abbas (r. u. b.) Sheikh Muhammad Najeef, Mufti‑e‑Misr; Jawaz‑i‑Taswir (Urdu), p. 2. ‑Written arguments by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 110. ‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi: Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 24 (Hadis No. 10). ‑Abdul Aziz Bin Baz: Taswir Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Main Parda Ka Hukam, p. 16 (Hadis No. 12). ‑Sahih Bokhari Sharif. Vol. III, p. 345. ‑Moani‑ul‑Asar, Vol. IV. p. 434. ‑Abul A'la Maudoodi: Tafhim‑ul‑Qur'an, Vol. IV, p. 185. ‑Sheikh Muhammad Najeef, Mufti‑e‑Misr: Jawaz‑i‑Taswir (Urdu), p. 20. ‑Moani‑ul‑Asar Vol. IV. p. 434. ‑‑Mirat‑ul‑Masajih. Vol. VI. P. 206. ‑Syed Suleman Nadvi: Moarif (1919), pp. 176 & 181. ‑Written arguments by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 115. ‑Aswa‑ul‑Ta'azir‑Fi Taswir‑ul‑Taswir, p. 12. ‑Shafal‑wala Fi Saur‑ul‑Hasib, pp. 4‑5. ‑Mirat‑ul‑Masajih ; p. 211. ‑Mishkat Sharif, Vol. II, p. 416. ‑Written arguments by Khalil‑ur‑Rehman Lakhvi, p.
8. SCHEDULE II‑F Ahadith with reference to Hazrat Talha (r. u. h.). ‑Written arguments by Qazi Mujib‑ur‑Rehman, p. 16. ‑Sheikh Muhammad Najeef Mufti‑e‑Misr : Jawaz‑i‑Taswir (Urdu), p. 2. ‑Article : "Islam Aur Taswir", p. 6 . ‑‑Monthly Fikr‑o‑Nazar (August, 1980), p. 4. ‑Sahih Muslim Sharif, Vol. V, p. 322. ‑Sahih Bokhari Sharif, Vol. III, p. 317. ‑Moani‑ul‑Asar, Vol. IV, p. 349. ‑Sonin Nasai, Vol. III, p. 351. ‑Qardhawi : Islam Mein Halel‑o‑Haram, p. 145. ‑Tafsir‑ul‑Bari, p.549. ‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 181. ‑Abdul Aziz Bin Baz : Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 12 (Hadith No. 18). ‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam, p. 22 (Hadith No. 15). ‑Sonin Nasal, Vol. III. pp. 351. -Tafsir‑ul‑Bari, p. 546 ; -Sonia Ibn Maja, p. 396 ; -Sahih Muslim Sharif. Vol. V, p. 328. ‑Mirat‑ul‑Masajih, p. 194 ; Mishkat Sharif, Vol. II, p. 412, Written arguments No. 2 by Mian Nazir Akhtar, p. 10. , ‑Written arguments by Qazi Mujibur Rehman, p. 13. ‑Sheikh Muhammad Najeef : Mufti-e‑Misr ; Jawaz‑i‑Taswir, p. 3. ‑Mufti Muhammad Shafi : Taswir Ke Shari Ahkam ; p. 34 (Hadith No. 20). ‑Article : "Islam Aur Taswir", p. 7. ‑Syed Suleman Nadvi : Moarif (1919), p. 250. ‑Sonin Nasai : Vol. III, p. 351. ‑Abdul Aziz Bin Baz : Taswir Kashi Ki Shari Hasiat Aur Islam Mein Parda Ka Hukam, p. 20 (Hadith No. 19). ‑Moani‑ul‑Asar : Vol. IV, p. 439. ‑Al‑Mowatta, p. 490. ‑Mowatta : Imam Muhammad, p. 416. ‑Qardhawi : Islam Mein Halal‑o‑Haram, p. 146. ‑Written arguments by Qazi Mujib‑ur‑Rehman, p.
14. SCHEDULE V Written Opinion of Dr. Nur Muhammad.
1. Islam and Picture Hadith on picture with reference to Hazrat Ayasha. Hazrat Umar Hazrat Abdulla Bin Masud, Hazrat Abu Huraira. Hazrat Ali.
2. Practice of the companions of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.S.)
3. Opinions and Practices of the Mu'Haddetbein and the Fuqha.
4. Arguments of the votaries of photography.
5. Picture as a necessity. Al‑Qur'an 22:78; 16: 115
6. Conclusions SCHEDULE VII Jairazhhoy. An and cities of Islam, Chapter IV The question of images J. Leveen, The Hebrew Bible in Art. 1944. p. 62f. J. B. Frey "La question des images chez les Juifs...", Biblica, Rome. XV; 1934, pp. 298‑
99. Tacitus, The Historia Germania and Agricola, ed. E. H. Blakeney, II, p. 288, n. I. Dictionary of Sects, Heresies..., ed. J.H, Blunt, 1874. "Iconoclasts" pp. 215‑
221. Ibn al Kalbi (d 821). The Book of Idols. tr. N.A Faris. 1952: p.
46. P.J. Alexander, The Harvard Theological Review, 45; No. 3, 1952, pp. 177‑
84. Bihr Fares, Essai sur l esprit de la decoration Islamique, 1952, p. 25, and G. Wiet, Syria, XXX, 1953, p.
342. According to Abu Yusuf Yakub (731‑98). A. Grabar, L'Iconoclasme Byzantin, 1957, p.
105. A. Jaffrey, Harvard Theological Review, 37, 1944, pp. 269‑
332. P. J. Alexander, The Patriarch Nicephorus of Constantinople, 1958, pp. 6‑
7. Ibid., pp. 233‑
34. E.J. Martin, A History of the Iconoclastic Controversy, 1930 ; J. Starr, "An Iconodulic Legend and its historical basis", Speculum, VIII. 1933, pp. 500‑
03. P.J. Alexander, op. cit., p.
235. A. Grabar, op. cit., p.
103. By al Kindi (d. 961). See A. A. Vasiliev, "The iconoclastic edict of Caliph Yazid II, A.D. 721", Dumbarton Oaks Papers Nos. 9, 10, 1956, pp. 25‑
47. SCHEDULE VII‑A "ARS ISLAMICA" ; Vols. XI‑XII The Department of Fine Arts : University of Michigan U.S.A. "The Lawfulness of Painting in Early Islam" by K. A. C. Creswell., pp. 152 to
166. SCHEDULE VII‑B Islam and Art by Dr. Lois Lamya Al‑Faroqi Professor of Religion and in Arts. Tearple University, Philadelphia, U.S.A. pp. 25 to 103 Chap. : "Figural Painting". NASIM HASAN SHAH, J.‑I agree with my learned brother S. Rehman, J. that this appeal be dismissed as I am in accord with the reasons given by him in his judgment for concluding that the requirements of the National Registration Act, 1973 and the rules framed thereunder requiring male applicants to submit two photographs is not repugnant to the Holy Qur'an) and the Sunnah. I may perhaps usefully add that our sublime religion of Islam is an eternal religion. Its divine laws not only provide guidance for all aspect of our daily life but these are also universal in character and fully applicable in all times and in all climes. This grand design is secured by Almighty Allah by allowing every freedom to His people to develop their faculties and equip themselves for the needs and challenges of their particular times. By His Grace He has not imposed any burden or limitation oft their conduct except that which He in His Wisdom has considered best for their true well being. Any interpretation in respect of His commands, which might cause difficulties and impede or hamper the development, progress and smooth running in the affairs of a Muslim community, cannot be accepted unless it is shown that Almighty Allah has by a peremptory injunc tion in the Holy Qur'an so commanded or the Holy Prophet has in his sayings and conduct, properly understood in their true spirit and context, so enjoined. "Allah doth not wish To place you in difficulty" (Sura V‑Verse 6) The necessity for reference to and the use of photographs, pictures, images and other pictorial representations in our times has become absolutely essential. It is with their help that it is possible to understand and comprehend the problems of the Sciences and Aeronautics, Chemistry and Physics. Medicine and Surgery, Biology and Zoology, Mathematics and Statistics, Art and Architecture and indeed a myriad of other subjects without whose mastery the Muslim Ummah will lag far, far behind the other, nations and stagnate in the backwaters of the International Community. Even my learned brother, M. A. Zullah, J. in his judgment has observed that there are passages in. the Holy Qur'an which encourage artistic ventures that are helpful for human development. This observation also supports my humble opinion that the religion of Islam is a dynamic, progressive and not a stagnant religion and possesses the necessary resilience to cope with the problems raised by changing times. In conclusion I may say, for reasons which my learned brother S. Rehman, J. has already spelled out in considerable detail in his judgment, that while the Holy Qur'an contains no prohibition whatever in respect of figures, pictures, images etc. ; the Holy Prophet did undoubted disapprove of some of their forms, but a proper examination of this disapproval in the light of all the relevant and attendant circumstances' shows that it was intended in respect of those pictures, figures and other man‑made images only which partook of shirk or came in conflict with Tauheed or otherwise interfered with the observance of religious obligations. It is, therefore, that I agree with the conclusion of my learned brother S. Rehman, J. that the photographs of a person which are required merely for satisfying the relevant authorities as to the identity of a person or for the other purposes of the National Registration Act will not be repugnant either to any injunction of the Holy Qur'an or to the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet. SHAFIUR RAHMAN. J.‑I have had the benefit and the privilege of going through the illuminating and lucid judgments proposed to be delivered by my learned brothers Mr. Justice Maulana Muhammad Taqi Usmani, Mr. Justice Maulana Pir Muhammad Karam Shah and I agree with them that this petition should be dismiss‑ed but my reasons for doing so are somewhat different. While I am in complete agreement with them that‑ (i) there is no direct prohibition in the Holy Qur'an against making of pictures/photographs. (ii) that the requirements of National Registration Act, 1973 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) and the Rules framed thereunder calling upon male applicants to submit two photographs is not repugnant to Holy Qur'an and Sunnah, (iii) that this appeal be dismissed. I am, however, with utmost respect to my learned brother Mr. Justice Maulana Muhammad Taqi Usmani, unable to subscribe to the following conclusion/observations recorded by him‑ (i) that making and keeping of photographs and pictures of living beings is forbidden by the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet; (ii) that the requirements of photograph for the purposes of the Act are such as to make out a case of social legal necessity fully justifying the ding of this forbidden act; (iii) that there is no scope/justification for creating an exception in the Act for a category of the appellant (and others who being conscientious objectors seek it on the bass of the Sunnah of Holy Prophet; (iv) that the Federal Shariat Court has declared photographs and pictures to be permissible in Islam unconditionally and to that extent its impugned decision is liable to correction. Similarly with profound respect for the learning and wisdom of my learned brother Mr. Justice Maulana Pir Muhammad Karam Shah, I am unable to subscribe to his views that‑ (i) the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet forbids the making and keeping of full complete picture photograph of living beings; (ii) the requirement of photograph for the purposes of the Act are such that even if photogoraphs/pictures of all types, of living beings were prohibited by Holy Qur'an/Sunnah the legal necessity was established for departing therefrom. In my humble view none of the provisions of the National Registra tion Act. 1973, or of the Rules framed thereunder are repugnant to the Holy Qur'an and Sunnah and that this petition merits to be dismissed on that short ground. My reasons for coming to this conclusion may be stated shortly as follows. The appellant, Maulana Abu Daud Muhammad Sadiq, claims himself to be a Hanafi Brelvi, a conscientious objector to the requirement of law (sections 4 and 8 of the Act and Rules 6, 7 and 8 of the Rules framed thereunder) whereby every citizen of Pakistan is required to register himself and for that purpose every male adult is required to make an application alongwith two copies of his recent photograph 2" x 1 ", to obtain an identity card hearing such a photograph and to keep and show it for his identity for various purposes and on certain occasions. Failure to get oneself registered entails liability of criminal prosecution, conviction and sentence of fine and imprisonment. The appellant sought his registration without fulfilling the requirement of photograph. His application was re turned to him. He moved the Central Government for exemption from this requirement. It was declined. The appellant then moved a petition under Article 203‑D of the Constitution praying the Shariat Bench of the High Court which then had the jurisdiction to examine and decide the question whether or not these provisions of the Act and the Rules were repugnant to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Qur'an and Sunnah of the Holy Prophet. On establishment of Federal Shariat Court the application was transferred to that Court for disposal. The Federal Shariat Court by its detailed judgment which is now impugned before us held that the law challenged by the appellant was not repugnant to the injunctions of Islam. The object and purpose of the Act is described as the need for registra tion of citizens and issue of identity cards to them. Sections 4 and 8 thereof are reproduced hereunder :‑ "
4. Registration of citizens.‑(1) Within such time as the Federal Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, specify in Oil., behalf, ‑ (a) every citizen in or out of Pakistan who has attained the age of eighteen years shall get himself ; and (b) a parent or guardian of every citizen who has not attained that age shall get such citizen, registered in accordance with the provisions of this Act. (2) An application for registration ‑ (a) under clause (a) of subsection (1) shall be in Form A of Schedule I to this Act ; and (b) under clause (b) of subsection (1) shall be in Form B of that. Schedule, and shall he made to such authority as may be prescribed.
8. Identity Cards necessary for certain purposes.--(1) No citizen who has attained the age of eighteen years but does not possess or produce an identity card shall be granted a passport, permit or other travel document for going out of Pakistan. (2) Any officer charged with the duty of conducting the poll at an election to the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly or to a municipal committee, cantonment board or other local authority may, for the purpose of 'satisfying himself as to the identity of any person, require such person to produce his identity card. (3) The Federal Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, specify any other purposes for which the production of an identity card shall be necessary. (4) The identity card issued to any person shall be proof of his identity for any purpose for which his identity is required to be established. The rules framed under the Act and relevant for this purpose are rules 6, 7 and 8 which are reproduced hereunder :‑ "
6. Submission of photograph by the applicant.‑(1) Every male applicant who has attained the age of eighteen years shall submit two copies of his recent photograph of the size 2 x 1 alongwith his application. (2) A female applicant who has attained the age of eighteen years may submit two copies of her recent photograph of the size 2' x 1 alongwith her application. A female applicant who does not like to submit her photograph shall .put her two right hand thumb impressions in the space provided for the photograph in the applica tion form. (3) Citizens in the Armed Forces, Civil Armed Forces, Civil Police or Federal Security Force shall submit their photographs without the service uniform. (4) The photographs shall be in black and white.
7. Photograph or thumb‑impression on the identity card.‑(1) Save as provided in sub‑rule (1), identity card shall bear, the photograph of the holder. (2) In the case of a female applicant who does not submit her pho tograph, her right hand thumb‑impression shall be put on the identity card in the place provided for the photohgraph.
8. Treatment of certain persons under these rules.‑(1) An eunuch shall be treated as male and an identity card shall be issued accordingly. (2) An applicant whose hands are amputated shall put the impressions of his left foot on the application form and, if the left foot toe is also amputated, the impression of the right toe shall be put on the application form." It is an admitted position that there is no verse in the Holy Qur'an directly forbidding the making of pictures or photographs, my effort will be to review the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet in the light or background of other relevant facts with a view to discovering whether such a prohibition is discernible therefrom. In the Holy Qur'an there is a Verse (5 : 87) cautioning the Muslims generally in the matter of declaring things haram (forbidden) and halal (permitted) in the following words:‑ This verse is relevant here for adopting or formulating the test of Halal and Haram. If the Holy Qur'an is silent on a subject, a clear, unequivocal, consistent peremptory command of the Holy Prophet alone will be necessary for bringing it in the category of things forbidden. It is, therefore, necessary to properly categorize and arrange the Ahadith which will not only result in making the purpose, the scope and the meaning of the command clearer but will also throw valuable light on the thinking and practices then in vogue. On Graves, idols and pictures. Hereunder are reproduced a few instances of the conduct and the utterances of the Holy Prophet, concluding this category by an utterance of Hazrat Ali with regard to what he was commanded by the Holy Prophet himself‑ The above instances show us that the practice in those days was to convert the graves of the respected elders and the prophets into places of worship and celebration, to decorate such places with pictures, idols and mementos. The Holy Prophet himself had been praying all along that his grave be not made either a place of worship or a place for celebration. This prayer was apparently concerning his own overzealous followers. He also directed the destruction of all such graves, pictures and idols and accomplished it. The utterance of Hazrat Ali has been quoted to clinch the issue that destruction of all graves was never intended but only those graves which were kept high and exhalted either as a mark of respect or for worship. In this context the picture, the idol and the grave go together, as was then customary. A challenge to the Creator: Any act intended to be a challenge to the Creator has been declared to be the most reprehensible and to be visited with the extreme penalty reserved for unbelievers. This appears from the following:‑ It is, therefore, not at all material whether such a challenge is thrown through picture (of animate or inanimate), literature of Science. The prohibition on this score is all pervading, complete and total. Purpose or nature of use of picture is decisive of its being permuted or prohibited. I. Use of Picture/figurine for innocent purposes (permitted). II. Use of picture at a place or in a manner to humiliate or degrade it (permitted). The instances are all reproduced in the judgment of my learned brother Mr. Justice Taqi Usmani. III. Use of picture in incomplete, truncated or mutilated form (permitted). The instances are all reproduced in the judgment of my learned brother Pir Muhammad Karam Shah. IV. Picture of Inanimate object (prohibited where likely to detract from faith.) V. Use of pictures causing distraction or interference in prayers (prohibited). From the above instances it is clear that the very distinction of picture of animate and inanimate is purposive. In making a picture of the animate, it is said, the challenge to the Creator is more obvious and closer than to making the picture of inanimate. If the intention, purpose and object is not to match the Creator then any such distinction is pointless. If such a challenge is there in making the picture of even an inanimate object, then the mere fact that it is picture of an inanimate object will not render it permissible. Similarly, as regards incomplete, truncated or mutilated pictures, how can one shut his eyes to the fact that even in the present day world a particular organ of the human body detached from the body and isolated is by itself an object of worship in our neighbourhood. The fact that the jurists and the sects are not unanimous on the nature and extent of prohibition is well‑established. The wide range of difference is apparent from the following extracts :‑ From the above discussion of the subject I conclude that the taking or making of pictures/photographs per se is not forbidden in Islam. Its disapproval, or prohibition is related to the use to which it is put or the purpose for which it is made. This conclusion is also in conformity wit 'h the recognized maxim of Islamic law that‑ On this conclusion the requirement of photograph under the Act and for the purposes of the Act cannot on any plane be objected to for its purpose is orderly management of affairs of the Society. In the circumstances and for the reasons given above I would dismiss this appeal as one without merit leaving the parties to bear their own costs. And will you be deluded in carving some outward image or likeness, of men or women, of beasts that roam on the earth or birds that By in the air, creeping things on land or fish that dwell in the waters, down at the root of earth ? (Deuteronomy 4 : 16. 18 Knox's version)