2024 PLP 955 (PTD)

AGHA FAISAL, J.

The Petitioners have challenged the constitutionality of section 65B of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 ("Ordinance"), as amended vide the Finance Act, 2019, inter alia, upon grounds that past and closed transactions cannot be reopened; vested rights created through a specific provision cannot be rescinded by amendment of the same provision; while construing a provision intending a retrospective effect, and dealing with vested rights, the words used therein cannot be stretched to include matters that do not fall within the plain language thereof; and that the statutory provision in its present form was confiscatory in nature. The present petitions were advocated to the extent of the vires2 and allowed to the remit of our short order, announced in Court at the conclusion of the final hearing, on 07.02.2023. These are the reasons for our short order. Factual context

2. Briefly stated, section 65B was inserted into the Ordinance vide Finance Act, 2010 and it conferred a tax credit of ten percent upon qualifying companies for investment, provided that the requisite investment and installation of the pertinent plant and machinery took place within a specified time. A glance at the evolution of the provision demonstrates that upon introduction it conferred the tax credit if the pertinent plant and machinery was purchased and installed at any time between 1st July 2010 and 30th June 2015. The Finance Acts of 2015, 2016 and 2018 extended the expiration date in the provision to 30th June 2016, 30th June 2019 and 30th June 2021 respectively. It is consciously reiterated that vide the Finance Act, 2018, the Parliament expressly extended the benefit of section 65B of the Ordinance to qualifying investments, if the pertinent plant and machinery was purchased and installed until 30th June 2021. The Finance Act, 2019 reversed the expiration date to 30th June 2019 and furthermore halved the credit for tax year 2019 to five percent.

3. It is considered fitting to reproduce section 65B of the Ordinance, as it stood prior and subsequent to the amendment vide Finance Act, 2019, in order to illustrate the lis under deliberation before us: Post Finance Act, 2018 Post Finance Act, 2019 65B. Tax credit for investment (1) Where a taxpayer being a company invests any amount in the purchase of plant and machinery, for the purposes of extension, expansion, balancing, modernization and replacement of the plant and machinery, already installed therein, in an industrial undertaking set up in Pakistan and owned by it, credit equal to ten per cent of the amount so invested shall be allowed against the tax payable, including on account of minimum tax and final taxes payable under any of the provisions of this Ordinance, by it in the manner hereinafter provided (2) The provisions of subsection (1) shall apply if the plant and machinery is purchased and installed at any time between the first day of July, 2010, and the 30th day of June, 2021. (3) The amount of credit admissible under this section shall be deducted from the tax payable by the taxpayer in respect of the tax year in which the plant or machinery in the purchase of which the amount referred to in subsection (1) is invested and installed. (4) The provisions of this section shall mutatis mutandis apply to a company setup in Pakistan before the first day of July, 2011, which makes investment, through hundred per cent new equity, during first day of July, 2011 and 30th day of June, 2016, for the purposes of balancing, modernization and replacement of the plant and machinery already installed in an industrial undertaking owned by the company. However, credit equal to twenty per cent of the amount so invested shall be allowed against the tax payable, including on account of minimum tax and final taxes payable under any of the provisions of this Ordinance. The credit shall be allowed in the year in which the plant and machinery in the purchase of which the investment as aforesaid is made, is installed therein. "Explanation. For the purpose of this section the term "new equity" shall, have the same meaning as defined in subsection (7) of section 65E. (5) Where no tax is payable by the taxpayer in respect of the tax year in which such plant or machinery is installed, or where the tax payable is less than the amount of credit as aforesaid, the amount of the credit or so much of it as is in excess thereof, as the case may be, shall be carried forward and deducted from the tax payable by the taxpayer in respect of the following tax year and so on, but no such amount shall be carried forward for more than two tax years in the case of investment referred to in subsection (1) and for more than five tax years in respect of investment referred to in subsection (4), however, the deduction made under this section shall not exceed in aggregate the limit specified in subsection (1) or subsection (4), as the case may be. (6) Where any credit is allowed under this section and subsequently it is discovered by the Commissioner Inland Revenue that any one or more of the conditions specified in this section was, or were, not fulfilled, as the case may be, the credit originally allowed shall be deemed to have been wrongly allowed and the Commissioner, notwithstanding anything contained in this Ordinance, shall recompute the tax payable by the taxpayer for the relevant year and the provisions of this Ordinance shall, so far as may be, apply accordingly. 65B. Tax credit for investment (1) Where a taxpayer being a company invests any amount in the purchase of plant and machinery, for the purposes of extension, expansion, balancing, modernization and replacement of the plant and machinery, already installed therein, in an industrial undertaking set up in Pakistan and owned by it, credit equal to ten per cent of the amount so invested shall be allowed against the tax payable, including on account of minimum tax and final taxes payable under any of the provisions of this Ordinance, by it in the manner hereinafter provided Provided that for the tax year 2019 the rate of credit shall be equal to five percent of the amount so invested: Provided further that the provisions of subsection (5) relating to carry forward of the credit to be deducted from tax payable, to the following tax years, as specified in the said subsection, shall continue to apply after tax year 2019; and (2) The provisions of subsection (1) shall apply if the plant and machinery is purchased and installed at any time between the first day of July, 2010, and the 30th day of June, 2019. (3) The amount of credit admissible under this section shall be deducted from the tax payable by the taxpayer in respect of the tax year in which the plant or machinery in the purchase of which the amount referred to in subsection (1) is invested and installed. (4) The provisions of this section shall mutatis mutandis apply to a company setup in Pakistan before the first day of July, 2011, which makes investment, through hundred per cent new equity, during first day of July, 2011 and 30th day of June, 2016, for the purposes of balancing, modernization and replacement of the plant and machinery already installed in an industrial undertaking owned by the company. However, credit equal to twenty per cent of the amount so invested shall be allowed against the tax payable, including on account of minimum tax and final taxes payable under any of the provisions of this Ordinance. The credit shall be allowed in the year in which the plant and machinery in the purchase of which the investment as aforesaid is made, is installed therein. "Explanation. For the purpose of this section the term "new equity" shall, have the same meaning as defined in subsection (7) of section 65E. (5) Where no tax is payable by the taxpayer in respect of the tax year in which such plant or machinery is installed, or where the tax payable is less than the amount of credit as aforesaid, the amount of the credit or so much of it as is in excess thereof, as the case may be, shall be carried forward and deducted from the tax payable by the taxpayer in respect of the following tax year and so on, but no such amount shall be carried forward for more than two tax years in the case of investment referred to in subsection (1) and for more than five tax years in respect of investment referred to in subsection (4), however, the deduction made under this section shall not exceed in aggregate the limit specified in subsection (1) or subsection (4), as the case may be. (6) Where any credit is allowed under this section and subsequently it is discovered by the Commissioner Inland Revenue that any one or more of the conditions specified in this section was, or were, not fulfilled, as the case may be, the credit originally allowed shall be deemed to have been wrongly allowed and the Commissioner, notwithstanding anything contained in this Ordinance, shall recompute the tax payable by the taxpayer for the relevant year and the provisions of this Ordinance shall, so far as may be, apply accordingly. (Material variation has been italicized and underlined.) Respective arguments

4. It was the petitioners' case3 that section 65B of the Ordinance, as it stood prior to the Finance Act, 2019, had been acted upon by the petitioners and that they had accrued protected vested rights, which were unlawfully prejudiced vide the amendment introduced subsequently. Mr. Hussain Ali Almani characterized the petitioners in two distinct categories; firstly those having purchased and installed the plant and machinery by 30th June 2019, yet were considered disentitled to the entire tax credit by virtue of the proviso4, whereby their entitlement was retrospectively halved; secondly those having made the requisite purchase prior to 30th June 2019, however, completed the installation by 30th June 2021, who were deprived of the credit entirely; and submitted that in either instance the dispossession of the petitioners did not enjoy the sanction of the law. Mr. Ovais Ali Shah ventured further and endeavored to demonstrate that a tax credit, once accrued, becomes the property of a person and rights in respect whereof were guaranteed by the Constitution itself

55. Mr. Raashid Anwar built his case around the Division Bench judgment of this Court in Gulshan Spinning6 and demonstrated that in pari materia circumstances this Court had been pleased to strike down a similar attempt at vitiation of vested rights, pertaining to tax credits, in the past.

5. It was the respondents' case7 that the amendment in section 65B of the Ordinance merely brought an expiration date in the future to the present, therefore, there was no question of any vested rights and / or retrospective effect. It was insisted that installation was one of the two integral pillars of the provision, hence, any plant and machinery not installed by the reversed expiration date would not qualify for a tax credit, notwithstanding the purchase having taken place within the abridged timeframe. Dr. Shahnawaz Memon articulated that Gulshan Spinning was distinguishable herein and even otherwise in the petitions under reference there was a divergence of facts and circumstances, as to the respective dates of purchase and installation, therefore, the determination of such factual matters was best left to the department itself. He was of the view that if a person had purchased and installed within the abridged timeframe then he should be entitled to the benefit claimed, however, the factual determination in such regard be left to the department. Mr. Shahid Ali Qureshi submitted that section 65B of the Ordinance dealt primarily with imported plant and machinery, hence, the benefit was actually extended to the foreign countries wherein such equipment was being manufactured. It was argued that since no benefit was accruing to the domestic economy, therefore, the provision was misconceived in any event. It was further complimented that section 65B(3) suffered from a drafting error and this Court ought to read out "and" from the provision and read in "is" therein

8. It is imperative to denote at this juncture that none of the other learned counsel representing the respondents concurred with these arguments and sought for their divergence to be recorded.

6. In rebuttal, Mr. Hussain Ali Almani pinpointed that the petitioners' argument with regards to the unjustifiability of the Proviso9 had been conceded by the respondents, as none of their learned counsel had articulated any opposition in such regard. While controverting the respondents' interpretation of the amended provision under challenge, the petitioners' learned counsel submitted that they were in concurrence with the respondents that the factual determination, with regard to the qualifying nature of the purchase / installation, ought to be done by the department itself. However, this Court may be pleased to interpret the provision under challenge in the light of the prevailing law, inter alia with respect to vested rights, since the department's interpretation was ostensibly in derogation of settled law. Scope of determination

7. Heard and perused. At the very onset, it is considered imperative to observe that the respondents' learned counsel made no submissions supporting the Proviso and eschewed any effort to controvert the petitioners' arguments assailing the retrospective halving of the quantum of tax credit for the tax year 2019. On the contrary, it was argued that there was never any cavil to the qualifying persons, being those that had purchased and installed the requisite plant and machinery within the abridged timeframe, being entitled to the tax credit provided vide section 65B of the Ordinance.

8. Secondly, the respective learned counsel from both sides of the spectrum appeared to be in unison for the adjudication, as to whether a person had purchased and installed within the timeframe, to be done by the department itself in appropriate proceedings.

9. The law obliges courts ought to abstain from deciding larger questions, if a case could be decided on narrower grounds and that it is ideal for courts to confine determinations to issues pivotal for the determination of a case

10. Since there is consensus that the factual determination, of whether a person had purchased and installed within the abridged timeframe, would be undertaken by the department itself, therefore, the only question for us to address is the interpretation of section 65B of the Ordinance, post amendment vide the Finance Act, 2019, in the light of the law illumined by the august Supreme Court. Tax credit

10. A tax credit simplicitor is a reduction in the amount of tax to be paid. The concept came under detailed deliberation before the august Court in H M Extraction11 wherein it was illumined as follows: "

8. We begin by noting that consideration of the nature of a tax credit on the one hand and an exemption on the other needs to be carried out conceptually and on the plane of principle. Now, in Whitney v. IR Commissioners (1926) 10 TC 88, in a well-known passage that has stood the test of time, Lord Dunedin spelt out the three stages of a tax (at the broadest plane) in the following terms: "Now, there are three stages in the imposition of a tax: there is the declaration of liability that is the part of the statute which determines what persons in respect of what property are liable. Next, there is the assessment. Liability does not depend on assessment. That, ex hypothesi, has already been fixed. But assessment particularizes the exact sum which a person liable has to pay. Lastly, come the methods of recovery, if the person taxed does not voluntarily pay." For purposes of the question now before us, the three stages may be restated as follows: leviable (declaration of liability), payable (assessment) and recoverable. It is well established that an exemption inserts itself between the first two stages, i.e., between what is leviable and what is payable. In our view, a tax credit inserts itself between the second and the third stages, i.e., between what is payable and what is recoverable. It is perhaps for this reason that the learned Lahore High Court observed that an exemption and a tax credit are two sides of the same coin, the "coin" being the stage of assessment or what is payable. With respect, we are unable to agree. In our view, there is a conceptual difference between the two, and (as we will see) it is all the more pronounced in the case of income tax. If there is an exemption in the field then the second stage may not be reached at all (i.e., the tax may not be payable) if the exemption is whole. Of course, it may be reached partially if that be the nature of the exemption. On the other hand, in the case of a tax credit the second stage must necessarily always be reached, and that too in full. It is only then that the credit manifests itself by interposing between what is payable (i.e., the assessment) and what is recoverable. This interposition may be complete (if the tax credit is 100%) or partial. Thus, the second stage of "assessment" (i.e., "payable") cannot be the "coin" of which an exemption on the one hand and a tax credit on the other are the two "sides". Put differently, in a fiscal statute there must always be the first stage: that can be affected by neither an exemption nor a tax credit. An exemption operates on, and in relation to, the second stage: that stage may not be reached at all, or only partially. A tax credit does not bear on the second stage. Once that stage is reached, and crossed, then the tax credit is manifested, thereby blocking (as the case may be, either in whole or in part) the third stage. Or, to put the matter in Lord Dunedin's terminology an exemption may eliminate the need for an assessment altogether (if it is whole) or reduce it by the relevant amount if it is partial. A tax credit on the other hand has no bearing on the assessment. It comes into operation after assessment and when the question of recovery arises. In our view, this is a basic conceptual difference. It also has a certain consequence in income tax law, to which we now turn.

9. The learned Lahore High Court observed in para 10 of the Nishat Dairy case that a "tax exemption reduces the amount of annual income that can be taxed". This is certainly correct and that is, generally, the effect of an exemption. But, if we may respectfully note, on the conceptual plane it is only a partial description of how an exemption may operate in income tax law. The reason is that income tax law has had two concepts since the beginning (i.e., the Income Tax Act, 1922): "total income" and "taxable income" (the exact terminology varying across the decades and over different statutes). Total income, as the term implies, is the totality of the income of the taxpayer. The taxable income is that which can be brought to tax. The two can be the same, but if there is an exemption the latter will be less than the former. However, the amount of tax payable is determined not only by reference to the amount of income that can be taxed, but also by the applicable rate of taxation. And under the principles of income tax law, the determination of the rate may be with reference to either the total income or the taxable income. As is at once obvious, this can have a material effect on the amount of tax payable. The position has been explained in Kanga and Palkhiwala's The Law and Practice of Income Tax since the early editions of the work, which were in relation to the Income Tax Act, 1922. The latest edition (10th, 2014), which is in relation to the (Indian) Income Tax Act, 1961, puts the matter as follows (pp. 163-4; emphasis supplied): "Exemption granted under the Act is of two kinds. Certain incomes are exempt from charge and are also excluded from the assessee's total income. Certain other incomes are exempted from income-tax but they are to be included in the assessee's total income. Thus income which may itself be exempt from tax may yet form part of the assessee's 'total income'. The effect of including exempted income in the assessee's total income is mainly twofold. First, the rate of tax payable by the assessee is determined with reference to the total income and therefore exempted income which is included in the total income would affect the rate of tax applicable to the chargeable portion of the total income. Secondly, in several cases calculations have to be made with reference to the total income; and income which is exempted from tax but included in the total income is to be taken into consideration for this purpose. Where the Act grants exemption from tax in respect of a certain sum, that sum does not form part of the total income unless there is some other provision in the Act making it includible in the total income. In CIT v. Raiji [17 ITR 180], Chagla CJ said, with reference to the 1922 Act: 'The scheme is that wherever one finds an exemption or exclusion from payment of tax, the exemption or exclusion also operates for the purpose of computing the total income. Not only is the sum not liable to tax, but it is also not to form part of the total income for the purpose of determining the rate. When the legislature intends that certain sums, although not liable to tax, should be included in the total income, it expressly so provides '"

10. It will be seen from the foregoing that while an exemption always reduces the amount of income that can be taxed, it may or may not affect also the rate applicable, depending on whether that is determinable on the basis of taxable income or total income. Of course, in the 2001 Ordinance the rate is determined by the taxable income. But it must be kept in mind that we are here considering the matter on the conceptual plane, and must therefore be guided by the principles of income tax law as they have crystallized over the decades. A tax credit on the other hand has no such effect, even in principle. It has no bearing on, or relevance for, the rate of taxation. This, in our view, is another basic difference which serves to confirm that an exemption and a tax credit are not, essentially, one and the same thing. They are conceptually distinct.

11. Notwithstanding the above, it must be recognized that in practical terms there is no difference in the effect of a complete exemption from tax on the one hand and a 100% tax credit on the other. The final outcome is that zero tax is payable or recoverable. The situation at hand is of course of a 100% tax credit. It seems (if we may say so with respect) that in the Nishat Dairy case the learned High Court concerned itself, not unreasonably and perhaps sub silentio, only with a situation of a complete exemption from tax. However, on the plane of principle such a situation ought to be regarded only as a special case. The equation between the effect of a tax credit and an exemption that would practically exist in such a situation cannot, with respect, affect the conceptual analysis, which must necessarily be carried out in more general terms, so as to take into account the other possibilities as well."

11. Section 65B of the Ordinance extended the benefit of a ten percent tax credit to qualifying companies, provided that the relevant purchase and installation was undertaken prior to 2021. This timeline was specifically incorporated into the provision vide the Finance Act, 2018. To consider whether the subsequent curtailment of the expiration date (and insertion of the Proviso12) vide the Finance Act, 2019 affected any vested right, it may be appropriate to seek guidance from the august Court upon the concept of vested rights, especially in the context of fiscal legislation. Vested right

12. There is a preponderance of authority13 demystifying the concepts of rights, vested rights and past and closed transactions, however, a collative and conclusive edict in such regard is the Division Bench judgment of this Court in Shahnawaz14: "

11. The general principles applicable in relation to vested rights, and the extent to which they can be retrospectively affected, are well-settled and have been stated and reaffirmed many times. Thus, in Chief Land Commissioner, Sindh and others v. Ghulam Hyder Shah and others 1988 SCMR 715, it has been observed as follows: "In this behalf the High Court proceeded a on a correct principle of interpretation that 'no rule of construction is more firmly established than this, that retrospective operation is not to be given to a statute so as to impair an existing right or obligation'. The main and primary rule is that every statute is deemed to be prospective, unless by express provision or necessary intendment it is to have retrospective effect. Also the rule that no statute shall be construed so as to have retrospective operation affecting vested rights to a greater extent than its language renders necessary is firmly established." (para 11) "There is another aspect of this matter which also fortifies the conclusion stated above. This Court in Province of East Pakistan v. Sharafatullah and others PLD 1970 SC 514, affirmed the established rule that a statute cannot be read in such a way as to change accrued rights the title to which consists in transactions past and closed or in facts which are events that have already occurred." (para 13) It will be seen that the Supreme Court spoke of both "vested rights" and "past and closed transactions". A detailed analysis of the distinction between the two need not detain us, and it suffices to note that while every past and closed transaction is normally based on, or comprises, a vested right, every vested right is not necessarily a past and closed transaction. Indeed, if rights were required to be placed in ascending order, the 'scale' could be said to comprise of a 'bare' right, a vested right and a past and closed transaction. Ordinarily, a right can be regarded as progressing from a 'bare' right to become a vested right and then perhaps even a past and closed transaction. Of course, some rights only become vested rights, and do not go beyond to become past and closed transactions. others may vest immediately, as soon as they arise or accrue, and then may (or may not) become past and closed transactions. Some rights (though this would be a somewhat rare and unusual situation) may even become past and closed transactions once they accrue, i.e., progress to that category straight from being 'bare' rights.

12. As even this brief account shows, some care must be taken to properly analyze the nature of the right under consideration. This is all the more so because (especially in the realm of fiscal statutes) past and closed transactions appear to stand on a footing higher than vested rights. This is clearly established by the decision in Molasses Trading and Export (Pvt) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others 1993 SCMR 1905, a case relied on by learned counsel for the petitioners. The case was concerned with the grant of an exemption under the Customs Act, 1969. An exemption (which is granted by a notification issued under section 19 of the Act) can be regarded as a 'bare' right, one that can be availed of by the concerned importer. In the well-known case of Al-Samrez Enterprise v. Federation of Pakistan 1986 SCMR 1917, it was held that if the importer altered his position in reliance on the notification (e.g., by entering into a contract or opening a letter of credit), he acquired a vested right in the exemption, to which he remained entitled even if the exemption itself stood withdrawn by the time the goods arrived in Pakistan. The 'bare' right, in other words, had been transformed into a vested right. In order to undo the effect of this decision, section 31 A was added to the Customs Act (by the Finance Act, 1988), and it was deemed always to have been part of the said Act. Thus, its position was, as presently relevant, similar to that of section 214C of the 2001 Ordinance. The question before the Supreme Court in Molasses Trading was whether section 31A had retrospectively destroyed the vested rights recognized in Al Samrez (the goods in question having been imported before 1-7-1988). The Supreme Court unanimously held that the answer to this question was in the affirmative. However, by a majority, it was also held that those cases in which the bills of entry had been filed by or before 30-6-1988 (i.e., before the Finance Act, 1988 came into force) had become past and closed transactions, and section 31A did not apply to them, notwithstanding the absolute terms in which it had, ostensibly, been given retrospective effect. The reason why the rights in those cases had gone from being vested rights to become past and closed transactions was that, in respect of customs duties, the levy of the tax stood crystallized on the date on which the bill of entry was filed. It is well-settled (see, e.g., the Ghulam Hyder Shah's case (supra)) that retrospective statutes affecting vested rights and/or past and closed transactions are to be given the narrowest effect and interpretation that is reasonably possible. Section 31-A, being concerned with undoing the effect of the Al Samrez case, was directed towards vested rights, and could not therefore affect past and closed transactions. Molasses Trading thus nicely illustrates both how rights can move along the 'scale' referred to above, and the distinction that exists between vested rights and past and closed transactions. In relying on this case, the petitioners clearly claim that their rights in the present case should be regarded as past and closed transactions, and hence remain unaffected by section 214C. Section 177 (under which the rights are claimed) must therefore be carefully analyzed in order to ascertain whether there are at all any rights thereunder and if so, whether they can be regarded as vested rights and/or as past and closed transactions."

13. If a right can be demonstrated to have accrued or crystallized, within the remit of Shahnawaz, the next issue would be to determine the protection afforded thereto under the law and beacon to follow in such regard is the recently Supreme Court approved judgment in Anwar Yahya

15. It was held, in material circumstances, that the tax payer had acquired a vested right and the subsequent attempt by the legislature to vitiate that protected right was struck down. It is considered expedient to reproduce the pertinent discussion herein: "8. ... In our view, on a proper interpretation of section 37A the question of any rights, vested or otherwise, turns not on the state of the Table as on the date of acquisition of the shares but rather on the substantive provisions of the section itself. Here, the most crucial provision is the proviso that was omitted by the Finance Act, 2014. It will be recalled that this was in the following terms: "Provided that this section shall not apply if the securities are held for a period of more than a year". Thus, the proviso disapplied the section in its entirety in respect of shares held for more than one year. As learned counsel for the petitioners rightly submitted, section 37A is a charging provision in a fiscal statute. The proviso had therefore to be read and applied literally. In other words, it meant precisely what it said: if a given lot of shares were held for more than a year, the section simply did not apply. The question of whether there was anything to tax (i.e., whether there were any capital gains) became moot and, in effect, disappeared. It must be kept in mind that this situation is materially different from reading and applying the relevant rate from the Table. To apply the Table necessarily means (and meant) that there is something to tax and the rate of "zero" percent means only that the capital gains are being so taxed. The practical effect would of course be the same, but this should not obscure the fact that, on the legal plane, the proviso operated differently. It operated on its own footing, completely detached from and independently of the Table and, inasmuch as it disapplied the section itself, irrespective of whether there were any capital gains or not. Furthermore, the proviso had effect on a basis that could be ascertained objectively.

9. For the reasons just stated, in our view it was the proviso that could, and did, create vested rights. As soon as any given lot of shares had been held for more than a year, the proviso created a right in the taxpayer that vested, the right being that section 37A did not apply in respect of those shares. And since this was a vested right, the usual rules of interpretation applicable to such rights would apply. (Those rules, being well known and established, require no elaboration and in particular the case law cited by learned counsel for the petitioners need not be considered in any detail.) In particular, the omission of the proviso could not affect the rights that had become vested in a taxpayer in respect of a lot of shares that had been held for more than one year. The omission of the proviso by the Finance Act, 2014 did not therefore affect rights that had vested by the time of the omission. It is to be noted that the omission did not even purport to be retrospective. Since the omission took effect from 01.07.2014, this meant that it was a vested right that section 37A would not apply in respect of any shares held for more than a year by a taxpayer, as on or before 30.06.2014. Any capital gains made on such shares, even if the disposal took place on or after 01.07.2014, could not therefore be brought to tax. Applying the foregoing analysis to the illustrative case (see para 4 above), as on 30.06.2014 the petitioner No. 3 had held the 430,000 shares in PTCL for more than a year (since the same were acquired on 28.06.2013). By reason of the proviso the petitioner had acquired a vested right in section 37A not applying to the said shares on 29.06.2014. The subsequent omission of the proviso was therefore irrelevant and any capital gains made by the petitioner on the disposal of the said shares could not be taxed in terms of section 37A regardless of the date on which they were disposed off."

14. It is the petitioners' case that the Parliament, vide section 65B of the Ordinance post amendment vide Finance Act, 2018, consciously conferred a protected right upon tax payers to avail a ten percent tax credit if they had purchased and installed the pertinent plant and machinery before 30th June 2021. Mr. Raashid Anwar had set forth a convincing argument that the curtailing of the benefit extended in section 65B of the Ordinance, consequent upon the amendment made via Finance Act, 2019, amounted to impermissible vitiation of vested rights / past and closed transactions and illustrated his submissions by placing reliance upon a Division bench judgment of this Court in the matter of Gulshan Spinning

16. We are informed that Gulshan Spinning has been sustained by the Supreme Court. Gulshan Spinning

15. The pertinent facts were that by virtue of an insertion to the Income Tax Ordinance, 1979, vide the Finance Act, 1988, companies had become entitled to a tax credit at the rate of fifteen percent in respect of the pertinent investment having taken place between July 1976 and 30th June 1991. The investment was also required to be manifest in two stages; purchase and installation. Section 107 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 1979 was amended vide the Finance Act, 1988 and the expiration date was brought forward from 1991 to 1988. The amendment was challenged and an earlier Division Bench of this Court allowed the petitions. It is the petitioners' case that the present petitions are clinched in view of the binding ratio of Gulshan Spinning, whereas, it is the respondents' assertion that Gulshan Spinning is distinguishable in the present facts and circumstances. A deliberation in such regard is best initiated by a comparative reproduction of the relevant statutory provisions: Section 107; Income Tax Ordinance, 1979 Section 65B; Income Tax Ordinance, 1979

107. Tax credit for replacement, balancing and modernisation of machinery or plant.- (1) Where an assessee being a Pakistani company invests any amount in the purchase of plant and machinery for installation at any time between the first day of July, 1976 and the thirtieth day of June, 1988 or between the first day of July, 1990 and the thirtieth day of June, 1991, in an industrial undertaking set up in Pakistan and owned by it, for the purposes of replacement, balancing or modernisation of the machinery and plant already installed therein, credit at the rate of fifteen per cent of the amount so invested shall be allowed against the tax payable by it in the manner hereinafter provided. Explanation.- As used in this subsection,- (a) "amount", in case of plant and machinery acquired on lease, means the amount expended by the lessor in the purchase of the said plant and machinery; and (b) "purchase of plant and machinery" includes acquisition of plant and machinery on lease from a scheduled bank, a financial institution or a leasing company on such terms and conditions as may be approved by the Central Board of Revenue. (2) The amount of credit admissible under this section shall be deducted from the tax payable by the assessee in respect of the income year in which the machinery or plant in the purchase of which the amount referred to in subsection (1) is invested is installed 65B. Tax credit for investment (1) Where a taxpayer being a company invests any amount in the purchase of plant and machinery, for the purposes of extension, expansion, balancing, modernization and replacement of the plant and machinery, already installed therein, in an industrial undertaking set up in Pakistan and owned by it, credit equal to ten per cent of the amount so invested shall be allowed against the tax payable, including on account of minimum tax and final taxes payable under any of the provisions of this Ordinance, by it in the manner hereinafter provided Provided that for the tax year 2019 the rate of credit shall be equal to five percent of the amount so invested: Provided further that the provisions of subsection (5) relating to carry forward of the credit to be deducted from tax payable, to the following tax years, as specified in the said subsection, shall continue to apply after tax year 2019; and (2) The provisions of subsection (1) shall apply if the plant and machinery is purchased and installed at any time between the first day of July, 2010, and the 30th day of June, 2019. (3) The amount of credit admissible under this section shall be deducted from the tax payable by the taxpayer in respect of the tax year in which the plant or machinery in the purchase of which the amount referred to in subsection (1) is invested and installed (Pertinent consistency has been italicized and underlined.)

16. It is apparent from a comparative perusal that both provisions of law extend a benefit, in the form of a tax credit, to qualifying persons; provided that the purchase and installation of the pertinent plant and machinery was concluded within the specified timeframe. It is respectfully noted that the respondents' counsel remained unable to dispel the observation that the two provisions appear to be pari materia inter se.

17. It is considered appropriate to reproduce the illumining constituent of Gulshan Spinning herein below: "

2. Common grievance in all the above petitions is that by virtue of amendment inserted by the Finance Act, 1988 the petitioners became entitled to tax credit at the rate of 15% of the amount invested in between first day of July, 1976 and the thirtieth day of June, 1991, for the purposes of replacement, balancing or modernisation of the machinery and plant already installed against the tax payable by them in the manner provided in section 107 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 1979 (now repealed). Prior to the amendment inserted by Finance Act, the tax credit was available for the investment made between the first day of July, 1976 and thirtieth day of June, 1988

3. In pursuance of and acting upon the entitlement available under the provisions as amended by Finance Act, 1988, the petitioners made investments between the first day of July, 1988 and thirtieth day of June, 1989. Subsection (1) of section 107 was further amended by Finance Act, 1989 whereby the year, "1991" was substituted as, "1988", thus reverting to the position as prevailing prior to 1-7-1988 8 The learned advocates for the petitioners have mainly argued that the amendment inserted in section 107(1) of the Income Tax Ordinance, by Finance Act, 1989, substituting the year "1991", by the year "1988", is though retrospective in effect shall not be applicable to the petitioners as they had already made investments prior to the amendment inserted by the Finance Act, 1989

13. On the other hand, the learned Advocates for respondents have submitted that there is no cavil to the proposition that the legislature is fully competent to enact any law with retrospective effect and in doing so is further competent to even take away the vested rights, as well as the right accrued under the past and closed transactions. They further maintained that for the purpose, of assessment of the total income and tax payable thereon, the law as prevailing in the assessment year is to be applied and not the law as prevailing in the income year 14 As already observed above, the legislature while enacting any law or making any amendment with retrospective effect is competent to take away even the vested right already accrued, but for this purpose express words are required in the enactment/amendment. If there are no express words in this behalf, as in this case the presumption would be that the legislature although made enactment/amendment with retrospective but had no intention to take away the accrued vested rights and to reopen the past and closed transactions. By now it is a settled principle of the interpretation statutes that in the absence of express words used by the legislature the retrospectivity to any law is not to be given so as to reopen the past and closed transactions and deprive any person of any accrued vested right in pursuance of such past and closed transactions 16 a question arises at what point of time, the tax credit matures into an accrued right making it to be a past and closed transaction

17. The right to claim any allowance, deduction or exemption is crystallized and matured with finalisation of assessment proceedings culminating into an assessment order. A perusal of subsection (1) of section 107 of the Income Tax Ordinance shows that the right to tax credit accrues on investments made by an assessee being a Pakistani Company, in the purchase of plant and machinery, for the purpose of replacement, balancing or modernization at the rate of 15 % of the amount so invested and under subsection (2) the said amount shall be deducted from the tax payable by the assessee in respect of the income year in which the machinery or plant in the purchase of which the amount referred to in subsection (1) is invested, is installed. Thus, it is obvious without any ambiguity that the right to claim tax credit comes into existence with the making of investment in the purchase of plant and machinery and the actual deduction from the tax payable is a matter of implementation only. With the investment made for the purchase of plant and machinery, the amount of tax credit is automatically determined which is 15 % of the investment and the right to claim the tax credit is immediately matured to the extent that even any further calculation is not required

18. Consequent to the above discussion, it is held that the right of: the petitioners to claim the tax credit on the investments made by them in between 1-7-1988 and 30-6-1989 was matured at the time of investment and became a past and closed transaction. The result is that notwithstanding the retrospective amendment made by the legislature in section 107(1) by Finance Act, 1989, it shall not effect the right of the petitioners to claim the tax credit which had already accrued on account of past and closed transactions at the time of amendment which was made on 1-7-1989.

19. For the foregoing reasons, all the Petitions are allowed in the terms that the petitioners are entitled to claim the tax credit on the investments made by them during the period between 1-7-1988 and 30-6-1989. The competent authorities concerned are therefore, directed to issue the Installation Certificate to the petitioners for claiming the tax credit and the Assessing Officers are directed to allow the tax credit to the petitioners on their BMR investment, notwithstanding the amendment inserted in subsection (1) of section 107 by Finance Act, 1989.

20. However, we would like to clarify that the direction for allowing the tax credit is subject to the verification of facts by authorities competent in this behalf, as we have given our findings on the provision of law only without considering the facts in each case which shall be examined by the officers competent in this behalf."

18. The only argument advanced by the respondents, in the effort to distinguish Gulshan Spinning, was that unlike section 65B of the Ordinance, section 107 of the Income Tax Ordinance, 1979 did not place a twofold requirement of purchase and installation. However, a bare perusal of the section 107(2) of the Income Tax Ordinance, 1979 demonstrates that the argument is perhaps misconceived as the benefit was only available if the purchase and installation was undertaken within the requisite timeframe. This observation is bolstered by Mr. Shahid Ali Qureshi's opening argument that section 65B(3) of the Ordinance was befallen by a drafting error and that the said provision ought to be read in the same verbiage as section 107(2) of the Income Tax Ordinance, 1979, hence, admitting the two fold qualification common to both provisions. Mr. Hussain Ali Almani had made a convincing submission that if anything the conjunctive requirement to purchase and install was more prominent in section 107(2) of the Income Tax Ordinance, 1979 as the said requirement was contained in subsection (1) thereof, wherein the benefit was being conferred. As opposed to section 65B(2) of the Ordinance, wherein the benefit conferred by virtue of subsection (1) was being qualified.

19. Gulshan Spinning observed, in manifestly pari materia circumstances, that in the absence of express words no retrospective effect may be given to any law as to reopen the past and closed transactions and deprive any person of any accrued vested right in pursuance of such past and closed transaction and the right to claim tax credit comes into existence with the making of investment in the purchase of plant and machinery and the actual deduction from the tax payable is a matter of implementation only. Effect of Shahnawaz17, Anwar Yahya18 and Gulshan Spinning19

20. Shahnawaz catalogued the nature and description of vested rights and Anwar Yahya spelt out the protection that the contemporary law afforded thereto. While the ratio of the two edicts is sufficient to settle the present case, it is apparent that the matter is clearly clinched by Gulshan Spinning. It may be stating the obvious that the enunciation of law in Shahnawaz, Anwar Yahya and Gulshan Spinning is binding upon us per the Multiline20 principles. Reconciliation of section 65B of the Ordinance

21. It stands before us that the Parliament conferred a conscious benefit upon qualifying persons purchasing and installing pertinent plant and machinery before 30th June 2021, vide amendment to section 65B of the Ordinance through the Finance Act, 2018. The respondents' counsel had unequivocally stated that persons, otherwise qualified per section 65B, having purchased and installed the pertinent plant and machinery prior to 30th June 2019, being the expiration date abridged vide Finance Act, 2019, were entitled to the benefit. However, the addition of the Proviso21 halved their entitlement to the tax credit. The other category of qualified persons is that which purchased the plant and equipment before 30th June 2019, however, notwithstanding the curtailment of the expiration date had in fact concluded installation before 30th June 2021. In this latter case, the entire benefit of the tax credit has been denied thereto.

22. In view of the binding authority cited supra, it is apparent that the amendment to section 65B of the Ordinance via the Finance Act, 2019 amounted to impermissible vitiation of vested rights, however, it is incumbent upon this Court to make every effort to save the legislation under consideration

22. The path to be taken in such regard was identified by Denning, J when he observed that a judge should ask himself the question as to how the makers of the Act would have straightened it out and in doing so the judge must not alter the material of which the Act is woven, but he can and should iron out the creases23.

23. It is settled law that an amendment becomes a part of the original statute and must be read together. While an amendment, being considered as the last expression of the will of the legislature, generally prevails, however, such effect is prospective and would not be given any retroactive construction, overriding effect on prior rights, unless the verbiage of the provision makes such construction necessary

24. In case of any inconsistency, harmonization may be employed so as to impede an irreconcilable conflict. Reading of section 65B of the Ordinance Category 1 - Purchased and installed by 30th June 2019

24. The pre amendment verbiage of section 65B permitted purchase of plant and machinery up until 2021 and that expiration date was curtailed vide Finance Act, 2019 to reflect 2019. In Gulshan Spinning it was unequivocally held that the right to claim the tax credit came into existence with the purchase of plant and machinery. Therefore, notwithstanding the curtailment of the expiration date, protected vested rights had been created in favor of persons having purchased the pertinent plant and machinery prior to 30th June 2019.

25. In the first category before us, qualified persons had purchased and installed the plant and machinery before the subsequently curtailed expiration date, however, were being denied the full quantum of the tax credit on account of the Proviso25, whereby their entitlement for tax year 2019 had been halved. Not a single learned counsel appearing for the respondents articulated any argument in support of the Proviso and on the contrary it was stated that persons having concluded the requisite purchase and installation, per the abridged expiration date, ought to enjoy the benefit conferred. However, notwithstanding the submissions of the respondents' counsel, it is apparent that the Proviso subsists in the statute and has to be dealt with by us.

26. Gulshan Spinning held that the tax credit crystallized upon making of the relevant investment and the credit was to be availed in the tax year wherein the installation was concluded. So in the first category, wherein the purchase and installation had concluded by 30th June 2019, no case could be set forth before us to confer any sanctity upon a subsequently inserted Proviso, seeking to halve the benefit already become due. Therefore, the Proviso is determined to by an unjustifiable attempt to vitiate protected vested rights, hence, struck down. Category 2 - Purchased by 30th June 2019; installed by 30th June 2021

27. The second category consists of qualified persons having purchased the plant and equipment prior to the subsequent expiration date, being 30th June 2019, however, the installation thereof was concluded by the earlier expiration date, being 30th June 2021. At the risk of repetition, it merits reiteration that Gulshan Spinning had held that the tax credit crystallized upon making of the relevant investment and installation was material only in respect of the tax year when the credit was to be claimed. The expiration date was brought forward to 30th June 2019 by virtue of Finance Act, 2019 and there is no case before us to consider any benefit for a qualified person not having purchased the pertinent plant and machinery prior to the abridged expiration date. However, if a qualified person had in fact purchased the pertinent plant and machinery prior to the abridged expiration date then the same merits consideration.

28. The pre amendment version of section 65B of the Ordinance provided a benefit in respect of purchase and installation before 30th June 2021. Even if we are to construe the benefit as it stood prior to amendment vide Finance Act, 2019, installation had to take place before 30th June 2021. If a qualified person had acted upon the benefit conferred and made the purchase prior to the abridged expiration date then it remained to be determined as to what effect the abridged expiration date would have in respect of installation, as the same is relevant to determine the tax year in which the tax credit may be claimed, if at all. Installation post 30th June 2021 never qualified an investment within the ambit of the benefit conferred, even in the pre amendment version of 65B of the Ordinance and even otherwise no case was ever set forth before us to consider any protection in such circumstances. In summation, it is observed that even in the event that the purchase had been undertaken before the abridged expiration date and installation had taken place prior to 30th June 2021, the benefit of the tax credit, per section 65B of the Ordinance, would be available to the qualified person. Tax year in which the tax credit may be claimed

29. Section 65B(3) of the Ordinance provides that tax credit shall be deductible in respect of the tax year in which the plant or machinery in the purchase of which the relevant amount is invested and installed. This perhaps leads to an interpretation that the purchase and installation had to coincide in the same tax year in order for the benefit of section 65B of the Ordinance to be conferred.

30. As noted earlier, a departmental counsel had argued that the drafting of this provision was inconsistent with the will of the legislature and that tax credit should be read as being deductible in respect of the tax year, in which the machinery or plant in the purchase of which the relevant amount invested, is installed.

31. We had put a specific query to all the departmental counsel in such regard in respect of the tax year in which the relevant tax credit had been allowed to be claimed, prior to the present dispute having arisen. The counsel were unanimous in their response that the tax credit was allowed to be claimed in the year that the relevant installation took place, irrespective of whether the purchase took place within the same year or earlier.

32. Our findings in respect of the creation of vested rights and the protection to be afforded thereto under law are delineated supra, however, in order for the same to be given effect section 65B(3) of the Ordinance is to be read to reflect that the tax credit shall be deducted in the tax year in which the pertinent plant and machinery is installed, subject to the determination that the purchase took place prior to 30th June 2019 and installation was concluded prior to 30th June 2021. Adjudication of claims by the department

33. The respective parties were always in unison that the factual aspect of ascertainment of qualification for the relevant tax credit would always remain in the domain of the department. The edict in Gulshan Spinning had also maintained that the direction for allowing tax credit remained subject to verification of facts by the competent authority and that the findings of the Court were confined to interpretation of the law without considering the facts in each case, which shall be examined by the department in respective proceedings. This ascertainment inter alia includes the determination of whether purchase, signifying an irrevocable act of acquisition / parting with consideration, took place prior to 30th June 2019 and whether installation was concluded prior to 30th June 2021. The respective ascertainment is to be undertaken by the department in proceedings, pending or to be initiated, there before. The decision of the department shall be subject to challenge, as may be available under the law, and the present proceedings shall not disentitle either party in such regard. Conclusion

34. It is considered expedient to denote that our entire deliberation was with respect to qualified persons having purchased and installed the plant and machinery by 30th June 2019 and those having made the requisite purchase prior to 30th June 2019 yet completed the installation by 30th June 2021, therefore, the findings herein are restricted to the said circumstances. There was never any question before us to consider the case of any person that may have purchased post 30th June 2019 and / or installed beyond 30th June 2021.

35. The two categories identified were found to have protected vested rights and it was our much deliberated view that such rights could not be vitiated in the manner intended by the amendment to section 65B of the Ordinance by the Finance Act, 2019.

36. Therefore, these petitions were allowed, in Court at the conclusion of the final hearing, to the remit of our short order dated 07.02.2023, operative constituent whereof is reproduced herein below: "For reasons to be recorded later and subject to what is set out therein by way of amplification or otherwise, these petitions are allowed in terms of and to the extent restricted herein below:

1. Section 65B(2) of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 is read to reflect that the provisions of subsection (1) shall apply if the plant and machinery was purchased before the 30th day of June 2019 and installed before the 30th day of June 2021.

2. Subject to the foregoing, section 65B(3) of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 is read to reflect that the amount of credit admissible under this section shall be deducted from the tax payable by the taxpayer in respect of the tax year in which the plant and machinery, under reference, is installed.

3. The determination of whether the purchase and installation, of the pertinent plant and machinery, was concluded within the period specified supra shall be undertaken by the department in respective proceedings pending or initiated there before. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the 1st proviso to section 65B(1) of the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, inserted vide Finance Act, 2019, is hereby struck down." These are the reasons for our short order. The office is instructed to place a copy hereof in each of the connected petitions. SCHEDULE C.P. D-8164 of 2019 - Sami Pharma (Pvt.) Ltd. and others v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8234 of 2019 - Gul Ahmed Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8235 of 2019 - Diamond Fabrics Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8236 of 2019 - Indus Dyeing and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8237 of 2019 - Indus Layallpur Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8238 of 2019 - Blessed Textile Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8239 of 2019 - Sapphire Finishing Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8240 of 2019 - Faisal Spinning Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8241 of 2019 - Bhanero Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8242 of 2019 - Sumrays Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others CP 8243 of 2019 - Sapphire Fibre Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8244 of 2019 - Amer Cotton Mills (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8245 of 2019 - Reliance Cotton Spinning Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8246 of 2019 - Ismail Ind Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8247 of 2019 - Siddiqsons Ltd. v. F.B.R and others C.P. D-8271 of 2019 - Pakistan Cables Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8272 of 2019 - Amreli Steel Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8273 of 2019 - Coronet Foods (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8274 of 2019 - English Biscuit Manufacturing (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8275 of 2019 - Ghandhara Nissan Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8276 of 2019 - Thatta Cement Co. Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8277 of 2019 - Matco Foods Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8278 of 2019 - Ghandhara Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8279 of 2019 - Habib Oil Mills (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8280 of 2019 - National Refinery Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8281 of 2019 - The General Tyre and Rubber Co. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8282 of 2019 - Indus Pharma (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8283 of 2019 - Nazeer Concrete (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8284 of 2019 - Dynatis Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8342 of 2019 - Liberty Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8343 of 2019 - Artistic Millinerse v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8344 of 2019 - M/s Taqees (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8345 of 2019 - Artistic Denim Mills v. Federation of Pakistan and others CP 8367 of 2019 - Sana Ind Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8368 of 2019 - Din Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8369 of 2019 - Nadeem Textile Mills v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8368 of 2019 - Din Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8369 of 2019 - Nadeem Textile Mills v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8370 of 2019 - Premium Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8371 of 2019 - Diamond International Corp Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8372 of 2019 - N.P Cotton Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8373 of 2019 - Equity Textiles Ltd v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8374 of 2019 - Kassim Textile (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8375 of 2019 - Kassim (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8376 of 2019 - Zaman Textile Mills (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8377 of 2019 - Saya Weaving Mills (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8382 of 2019 - Continental Biscuit Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8385 of 2019 - Mekotex (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8389 of 2019 - Shahmurad Sugar Mills Ltd and othersv. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8390 of 2019 - Excide Pakistan Ltd v. Federation of Pakistan and others CP.D 8394 of 2019 - Indus Motor Co. v. Pakistan and others C.P. D-8395 of 2019 - Karam Textile Mills (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8396 of 2019 - Amna Ind (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8397 of 2019 - Pakistan Synthetic Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8403 of 2019 - Sindh Abadgar Sugar Mills v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8416 of 2019 - Union Fabrics (Pvt.) Ltd v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8417 of 2019 - Al-Razzaq Fibres (Pvt.) Ltd and others v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8427 of 2019 - International Textile Mills v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8428 of 2019 - Kruddson (Pvt.)Ltd v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8429 of 2019 - Indus Pencil Ind (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8432 of 2019 - Naveena Exports Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8433 of 2019 - Yunus Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8434 of 2019 - Khas Textiles Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8442 of 2019 - Feroze 1888 Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8443 of 2019 - Artistic Fabric v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8446 of 2019 - Imran Crown Corks (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8447 of 2019 - Orient Textiles Mills (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8448 of 2019 - Pakistan Diary Products (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8449 of 2019 - International Ind Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8450 of 2019 - International Steel Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8451 of 2019 - Getz Pharma (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8452 of 2019 - Ebrahim Textile Mills v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8453 of 2019 - Tapal Tea (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8470 of 2019 - Shield Corp Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8499 of 2019 - Shafi Gluco -Chem (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8500 of 2019 - Shafi Texcel (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8501 of 2019 - Shafi Life Style v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8502 of 2019 - Muhammad Shafi Tanneries (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8503 of 2019 - Macpac Film Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8506 of 2019 - Gatron Ind Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8507 of 2019 - M/s Novatex Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8508 of 2019 - M/s ICI Pakistan Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8517 of 2019 - M/s Premier Cables (Pvt) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8518 of 2019 - M/s Rehmpack (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8525 of 2019 - Aisha Steel Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8526 of 2019 - Thal Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8527 of 2019 - Agriauto Ind Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8528 of 2019 - AuVitronics Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8529 of 2019 - Shabbir Tiles and Ceramics Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8530 of 2019 - Agriauto Stamping Co. (Pvt.) Ld v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8531 of 2019 - Lucky Knits (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8532 of 2019 - Lucky Energy (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8534 of 2019 - Al-Karam Towel Ind v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8539 of 2019 - Krystalite Products (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8540 of 2019 - Mustaqim Dyeing Printing v. .Fed. of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8543 of 2019 - Salfi Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8544 of 2019 - Island Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8545 of 2019 - Tata Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8546 of 2019 - Union Apparel (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8547 of 2019 - Sitara Chemical Ind. Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8552 of 2019 - Envicrete Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8559 of 2019 - Pakistan Beverages Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8560 of 2019 - Pakola Products Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8561 of 2019 - Yasir Fruit Juices (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-2048 of 2020 - Popular Aseptic Packaging (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-2049 of 2020 - Popular Food Ind. (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-2208 of 2020 - Eni Pakistan v. Pakistan and others C.P. D-2209 of 2020 - ENI Pakistan (M) Ltd. VS Pakistan and others C.P. D-2210 of 2020 - Eni AEP Ltd. v. Pakistan and others C.P. D-2456 of 2020 - Pinnacle Fiber (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-2652 of 2020 - Martin Dow Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-2661 of 2020 - Shirazi Investments (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Pakistan and others C.P. D-355 of 2020 - Baluchistan Wheels Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-356 of 2020 - Sitara Spinning Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-357 of 2020 - Siddiqsons Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-358 of 2020 - Al Azmat (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-359 of 2020 - Din Leather (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-3615 of 2020 - Pakistan Refinery Ltd. v. The Commissioner IR and others C.P. D-6487 of 2020 - Atlas Honda Ltd. v. Pakistan and others CP 6497 of 2020 - Gharibsons (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6498 of 2020 - Gharibsons (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6582 of 2020 - Gatron (Ind) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6583 of 2020 - Novatex Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-659 of 2020 - Searle Co. Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-660 of 2020 - Nextar Pharma (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-661 of 2020 - OBS Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-665 of 2020 - Al-Muqeet Textile v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6682 of 2020 - Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. v. Pakistan and others C.P. D-6727 of 2020 - Younus Textile Mills v. Federation of Pakistan and Ors C.P. D-6728 of 2020 - Lucky Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6729 of 2020 - ICI Pakistan Ltd. VS Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6771 of 2020 - Lucky Knits (Pvt.) Ltd. VS Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6792 of 2020 - Kassim Textile (Pvt.) Ltd. and others v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6807 of 2020 - Al Karam Towel Ind v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6814 of 2020 - Blessed Textile Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6815 of 2020 - Faisal Spinning Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6816 of 2020 - Pakola Products Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6818 of 2020 - Pakistan Beverages Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6822 of 2020 - Lucky Energy (Pvt.) Ltd. and others v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6823 of 2020 - Tata Textile Mills (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-1351 of 2021 - Colony Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-1828 of 2021 - ENI Pakistan (M) Ltd. v. Pakistan and others C.P. D-1829 of 2021 - ENI Pakistan Ltd. v. Pakistan and others C.P. D-1830 of 2021 - ENI AEP Ltd. v. Pakistan and others C.P. D-335 of 2021 - Orient Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-4 of 2021 - Mekotex (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-444 of 2021 - Sitara Fabric Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-5 of 2021 - Nexter Phama (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-6 of 2021 - OBS Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-7 of 2021 - Searle Co. Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-8 of 2021 - Liberty Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-9 of 2021 - Pakistan Cables Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-955 of 2021 - Tapal Tea (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-111 of 2022 - Tata Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-112 of 2022 - Tata Best Food Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-113 of 2022 - Salfi Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-114 of 2022 - Island Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-115 of 2022 - Liberty Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-139 of 2022 - Lucky Textile Mill Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-140 of 2022 - Yunus Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-141 of 2022 - Lucky Knite (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-1517 of 2022 - Akhtar Textile Ind v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-1518 of 2022 - Akhtar Textile Ind v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-1718 of 2022 - English Biscuit Manufacturers v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-2494 of 2022 - Novatex Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-3049 of 2022 - Coronet Food (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-357 of 2022 - Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. v. Pakistan and others C.P. D-36 of 2022 - Gharibsons (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-464 of 2022 - Din Textile (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-52 of 2022 - Gul Ahmed Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-53 of 2022 - Blessed Textile Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-54 of 2022 - Bhanero Textile Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-55 of 2022 - Faisal Spinning Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-60 of 2022 - Sapphire Textile Mills v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-61 of 2022 - Sapphire Finishing Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-62 of 2022 - Diamond Fabrics Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-63 of 2022 - Sapphire Fabrics Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-65 of 2022 - Reliance Cotton Spinning Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-7540 of 2022 - Gatron Ind Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-93 of 2022 - N.P Cotton Mills Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-94 of 2022 - Diamond International Corp v. Federation of Pakistan and others C.P. D-993 of 2022 - Matco Food Ltd. v. Federation of Pakistan and others MH/S-17/Sindh Petitions allowed.